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The  Physical  Effects 
of  Smoking 

PRELIMINARY   EXPERIMENTAL 
STUDIES 


By 

GEORGE  J.  FISHER,  M.D.,  M.P.E. 

Senior  Secretary,  Physical  Department,  International  Committee 
OF  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations,  New  York  City 

and 

ELMER  BERRY,  B.S.,  M.P.E. 

Professor  of  Physiology,  International  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  College,  Springfield,  Mass. 


^Hiotiation  l^ttii 

124  Eabt  28th  Street,   New  York 
1917 


7=53 


Copyright,  1917,  by 

The  International  Committee  of 

Young  Men's  Christian  Associations 


Dedicated  To 
A.  A.  HYDE 

Whose  Candid  Desire  for 

THE  Truth  Called  Forth, 
AND  Whose  Loyal  Support 
Made  Possible,  these  Re- 
searches AND  Their  Pre- 
sentation to  the    Public 


INTRODUCTIOK 

I  have  long  felt  that  the  influence  of  tobacco 
on  physical  and  mental  efficiency  should  receive 
careful  scientific  study.  I  therefore  welcome  the 
following  essay,  as  representing  important  and 
almost  pioneer  work  and  hope  that  it  will  be 
followed  by  numerous  physiological  studies 
throughout  the  world. 

The  recent  growth  of  the  tobacco  habit  has 
been  extremely  rapid,  especially  since  the  cigar- 
ette has  come  into  use.  The  great  war  has  in- 
creased the  use  of  tobacco,  though  it  has  de- 
creased the  use  of  alcohol.  Women  are  begin- 
ning to  smoke.  A  fashionable  New  York  hotel 
has  opened  a  special  smoking  room  for  women. 
Producers  of  cigarettes  are  advertising  them 
more  widely  than  ever  before.  In  China,  taking 
advantage  of  the  elimination  of  the  opium  traffic, 
the  producers  of  tobacco  are  making  a  special 
effort  to  substitute  the  tobacco  habit. 

While  those  who  profit  commercially  by  the 
sale  of  tobacco  are  thus  seeking  to  increase  the 
use  of  it,  very  little  counter-influence  has,  as  yet, 
been  exerted.  This  has  been  partly  due  to  indif- 
ference, but  partly  also  to  the  fact  that  the  ques- 


vi  INTKODUCTION 

tion  of  the  liarmfulness  of  tobacco  has  not  been 
fully  investigated. 

It  is  a  common  opinion  among  medical  men 
that  smoking  in  "moderation"  is  harmless,  or 
even  beneficial.  The  public  has  a  right  to  know 
whether  this  opinion  is  based  on  correct  observa- 
tions or  is  an  unconscious  concession  to  popular 
custom  and  prejudice. 

The  following  essay  would  seem  to  indicate 
that  smoking  is  more  injurious  than  we  have  sus- 
pected. It  will  give  pause  to  those  who  smoke  or 
contemplate  smoking,  if  they  value  their  physical 
and  mental  alertness. 

Irving  Fisher^ 
Yale  University. 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Foreword ix 

General  Method xv 

Part      I.    Heart  Rate  and  Blood  Pressure.  . .       1 
Part    II.    Return  of  Heart  Rate  to  Nor- 
mal AFTER  Exercise 43 

Part  III.    Neuro-Muscular  Precision 79 

Part  IV.    Accuracy  in  Baseball  Pitching.  ...   125 

Part     V.     General  Summary 173 

Bibliography 181 


Vll 


FOREWORD 

About  four  years  ago  I  was  giving  a  course  of 
lectures  on  physical  training  and  hygiene  sub- 
jects at  the  Summer  School  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Associations  of  the  West  at  Estes  Park, 
Colorado.  In  the  course  of  one  of  my  addresses 
I  was  asked  several  questions  regarding  the 
physical  effects  of  smoking.  I  found  the  ques- 
tions very  difficult  to  answer,  because  there  was 
so  little  reliable  data  available.  Most  of  the  ma- 
terial on  this  subject  is  based  upon  opinion  and 
not  upon  research  and  is,  therefore,  not  reliable. 
The  fact  that  students  who  smoke  in  colleges  are 
poorer  in  their  studies  than  those  who  do  not  is 
not  proof  necessarily  that  smoking  produces  poor 
scholarship.  There  may  be  many  other  factors 
involved.  I  am  sure  there  are.  The  same  may  be 
true  of  the  delinquent  boy  who  smokes.  He  is 
not  necessarily  delinquent  because  he  smokes ;  he 
may  smoke  because  he  is  delinquent.  The  fact  of 
the  matter  is,  very  little  research  has  been  at- 
tempted. Upon  making  a  statement  of  this  char- 
acter at  the  aforesaid  place,  I  was  approached 
by  Mr.  A.  A.  Hyde  of  Wichita,  Kansas,  a  well- 
known  philanthropist,  who  asked  whether  some 

ix 


X  FOREWOKD 

experiments  of  a  scientific  character  could  not  be 
made  really  to  determine,  at  least  to  some  extent, 
what  effect  smoking  had  upon  the  heart  and  nerv- 
ous system.  He  volunteered  to  stand  the  expense 
of  such  experiments. 

I  gave  the  matter  considerable  thought  and 
tried  to  arrive  at  some  method  by  which  we  could 
eliminate  other  factors  and  actually  determine 
the  effects  of  smoking  on  the  physical  organism. 

A  little  later  I  came  across  a  study  made  by 
Prof.  Lombard,  who  stated  that  in  making  ex- 
periments upon  himself  he  had  discovered  that 
the  smoking  of  a  single  cigar  had  caused  a  rise 
in  the  heart  rate.  Following  this  Mr.  B.  D. 
Brink  of  Boston  made  an  experiment  on  an  in- 
dividual and  found  the  same  result. 

These  experiments  of  course  w^ere  too  limited 
to  be  of  value,  but  they  gave  direction  to  my 
thinking.  In  the  summer  of  1912,  Mr.  Elmer 
Berry  and  Mr.  G.  B.  Affleck,  of  the  faculty  of  the 
Eastern  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
Summer  School,  made  some  physical  tests  of 
students  attending  the  school,  but  we  found  our 
technique  so  faulty  that  we  believed  the  results 
to  be  inaccurate  and  worthless. 

I  then  requested  Prof.  Berry  to  elaborate  the 
method,  stating  that  I  would  take  care  of  the  ex- 
pense, but  I  did  not  reveal  the  name  of  the  indi- 
vidual who  was  furnishing  the  funds. 


FOREWORD  xi 

Mr.  Berry  and  I  worked  out  a  method  which 
we  believed  isolated  the  factor  of  smoking  in  its 
physical  results,  so  that  we  could  determine  the 
physical  effects.  Mr.  Berry  describes  this  method 
elsewhere.  After  the  first  experiments,  we  were 
led  to  take  up  the  subsequent  ones.  We  are  still 
continuing  the  work  of  experimentation.  We 
hope  to  include  tests  to  determine  the  effects  of 
smoking  upon  endurance  and  upon  mental 
concentration. 

Our  method  may  be  open  to  considerable  criti- 
cism. We  have,  however,  tried  to  be  honest  in 
our  attempts  to  get  at  actual  facts.  We  are  per- 
fectly dispassionate  in  the  matter.  We  have 
not  tried  in  them  to  establish  any  preconceived 
idea  of  the  effects  of  smoking.  We  are  hunting 
for  the  truth.  We  would  like  to  know  what  to 
say  to  young  men,  when  they  inquire  of  us  what 
effect  smoking  will  have  upon  them  if  they  in- 
dulge themselves.  Smoking  has  become  an 
almost  universal  habit.  It  seems  to  be  growing 
in  extent.  Furthermore,  many  men  smoke  a  great 
many  cigars  in  a  day.  A  large  number  buy  them 
by  the  box.  We  should  surely  know  what  the 
effects  are  of  a  habit  which  is  so  universal.  If 
there  are  no  bad  effects  then  we  need  not,  on 
physiological  grounds,  be  concerned.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  smoking  is  injurious  w^e  should 
surely  know  of  it.     This  is  the  attitude  taken 


xii  FOREWORD 

throughout  these  tests.  Both  smokers  and  non- 
smokers  were  used  in  the  experiments.  In  the 
first  and  the  last  tests  the  students  who  directed 
the  experiments  were  smokers.  In  the  other  tests 
they  were  non-smokers,  so  that  any  psychological 
influence  was  neutralized. 

The  results  of  the  experiments  were  a  surprise 
to  all  of  us  who  had  any  part  in  them.  I  did  not 
imagine  that  the  smoking  of  a  single  cigar  would 
have  such  demonstrable  effect,  especially  in  such 
general  movements  as  are  used  in  baseball 
pitching. 

We  do  not,  by  any  means,  claim  that  these  ex- 
periments are  conclusive.  They  are  not  published 
as  such.  They  are  simply  announced  for  what 
they  are  worth.  They  are  presented  as  tentative 
and  preliminary,  and  with  the  hope  that  others 
will  repeat  the  experiments  and  announce  their 
results. 

Two  things  we  would  have  the  reader  keep  in 
mind.  First,  that  these  tests  were  made  upon  an 
exceptional  group  of  men,  mostly  physical  direc- 
tors in  more  than  the  average  physical  condition 
and  between  the  ages  generally  of  21  and  25 
years.  Perhaps  if  boys  in  the  late  teens  had 
been  used  for  experiment,  or  men  of  maturer 
years,  the  results  would  have  been  greater  in 
degree.  Perhaps,  too,  if  men  who  were  inveterate 
smokers  had  been  tested,  the  evils  would  have 


FOKEWORD  xiii 

been  shown  to  be  greater.  Furthermore,  the  room 
in  which  the  experiments  were  made  was  well 
ventilated,  which  is  unlike  most  of  the  conditions 
under  which  men  smoke,  and  which  if  they  had 
obtained  might  have  accentuated  the  results. 

In  the  second  place,  the  results  obtained  were 
consistent  in  each  of  the  four  tests.  This  con- 
sistency is  a  considerable  factor  in  emphasizing 
the  results.  It  compels  us  to  believe  that  smok- 
ing does  affect  the  heart  rate;  does  interfere 
with  its  return  to  the  normal,  delaying  the 
process;  and  does  affect  neuro-muscular  control. 
However,  we  wish  the  reader  to  come  to  his  own 
conclusion  after  reviewing  the  tests. 

If  it  is  evident  that  the  smoking  of  a  single 
cigar  interferes  with  an  individual's  efficiency, 
we  believe  that  many  men  knowing  this  will 
greatly  modify  their  habits — ^in  fact,  will  give 
up  smoking,  which  many  have  indulged  in 
because  they  believed  it  to  be  physically  bene- 
ficial; in  fact,  doctors  have  prescribed  smoking 
because  they  have  believed  the  results  to  be  of 
value.  We  believe  these  experiments  will  stimu- 
late many  others  to  repeat  them.  This  is  our 
hope.  We  believe  also  that  the  results  discovered 
should  cause  smokers  to  inquire  carefully  into 
their  own  experience  and  to  act  accordingly. 

George  J.  Fisher,  M.D. 


GENERAL  METHOD 

The  material  here  brought  together  represents 
an  effort  to  secure  definite  experimental  data  re- 
garding the  effects  of  smoking.  The  original  sug- 
gestion that  such  a  series  of  experimental  studies 
should  be  prosecuted  came  from  Dr.  George  J. 
Fisher.  The  studies  were  made  possible  by  Dr. 
Fisher  through  the  interest  and  assistance  of  a 
friend. 

The  work  has  been  done  as  graduation  theses 
at  the  International  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation College^  Springfield,  Mass.,  under  the 
direction  and  general  supervision  of  the  writer. 
The  entire  theses,  as  presented  by  the  students, 
bound  in  typewritten  form,  may  be*found  in  the 
library  of  the  College.  The  material  is  published 
in  its  present  form  with  the  consent  and  approval 
of  the  faculty.  The  work  here  presented  covers 
the  researches  conducted  along  this  line  during 
the  years  1914-1916.  Additional  studies  are  now 
in  process. 

This  material  is  presented  entirely  as  prelim- 
inary and  tentative  work  and  with  the  idea  of 
being  suggestive  and  stimulative,  rather  than  be- 
cause of  any  belief  that  anything  is  as  yet  defl- 

XV 


xvi  GENERAL  METHOD 

nitely  proven.  Many  physical  directors  in  Young 
Men's  Christian  Associations,  schools,  and  col- 
leges, and  many  physicians  and  physiologists  are 
in  a  position  to  conduct  such  researches  and 
secure  evidence  along  similar  or  related  lines. 
These  studies  should  be  repeated  and  verified  or 
disproven  by  other  observers.  There  is  tremen- 
dous need  of  definite  facts  regarding  the  effects 
of  smoking.  A  host  of  careful  studies  are  needed 
to  establish  the  fundamental  truths  underlying 
the  whole  problem. 

While  this  work  is  preliminary  and  tentative 
and  is  offered  rather  because  of  its  suggestive 
than  its  absolute  value,  nevertheless  the  writer 
believes  that  the  results  are  reliable.  Very  little 
other  definite  experimental  data  is  available  on 
this  subject,  and  it  seems  that  the  public  should 
be  put  in  possession  of  the  material  at  hand. 
The  work  has  been  done  in  every  case  in  a  care- 
ful scientific  spirit.  Every  effort  has  been  made 
so  to  plan  and  conduct  the  experiments  as  to  shut 
off  all  other  influences  except  that  of  smoking. 
No  preconceived  theories  were  set  up  to  be 
proven.  Two  of  the  studies  were  conducted  by 
smokers — one  of  whom  has  since  ceased  to  smoke 
because  of  the  results  which  he  secured — and  two 
by  non-smokers.  The  students  undertook  the 
studies  rather  expecting  that  no  particular 
results  would  be  shown,  and  they  were  assured 


GENERAL  METHOD  xvii 

that  such  an  outcome  would  be  quite  as  satisfac- 
tory, so  far  as  the  thesis  was  concerned,  as  the 
most  striking  results  either  for  or  against  smok- 
ing. The  men  who  served  as  subjects  were  all 
normal,  healthy,  athletic  fellows  between  the  ages 
of  21  and  25,  either  non-smokers  or  moderate 
smokers.  They,  too,  for  the  most  part  expected 
no  results  and  were  kept  as  far  as  possible  in 
ignorance  of  the  progress  of  the  experiment. 
There  was  no  incentive  to  beat  anybody  or  any- 
thing. They  gave  their  time  to  aid  the  investiga- 
tion largely  as  a  personal  accommodation  to  the 
student  who  was  conducting  the  study,  and  be- 
cause of  a  general  interest  in  the  problem.  Most 
of  them  were  decidedly  surprised  and  excited 
by  the  results  of  the  experiments  when  they  were 
made  known. 

A  surprising  feature  is  the  remarkable  uni- 
formity and  persistency  of  the  results.  The  aver- 
ages secured  are  not  due  to  one  or  two  big  freak 
exceptions,  but  to  the  small,  regular,  persistent 
effects  recorded  by  nearly  every  subject  in  almost 
every  case.  The  individual  tables  for  each  study 
are  given  in  an  appendix  following  each  part, 
largely  so  that  this  particular  feature  may  be 
studied  by  those  interested.  It  is  one  of  the  fac- 
tors which  give  the  writers  the  greatest  confi- 
dence in  the  value  and  reliability  of  the  studies. 

The  exact  method  of  procedure  is  given  for 


xviii  GENEKAL  METHOD 

each  study  in  each  part.  For  the  purposes  of 
these  and  similar  studies  a  room  was  set  aside 
in  the  third  story  of  the  gymnasium  at  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  College  at  Spring- 
field as  a  smoking  laboratory.  This  was  comfort- 
ably and  cheerfully  equipped  with  chairs,  tables, 
etc.,  so  that  the  subjects  could  read,  write,  or 
study  while  smoking.  The  scientific  apparatus 
for  making  the  desired  tests  was  placed  in  this 
room.  All  of  the  studies  so  far  have  been  con- 
ducted in  the  early  evening  after  a  light  supper. 
The  men  came  to  the  laboratory,  went  through 
the  preliminary  tests,  smoked,  repeated  the  tests 
and  left.  The  willingness  of  the  men  to  serve  in 
this  way  is  worthy  of  special  commendation.  All 
were  students  at  the  college.  None  of  them 
would  be  classed  as  really  heavy  smokers.  Inter- 
esting and  valuable  studies  might  be  made  of 
what  the  effects  would  be  on  men  long  accus- 
tomed to  heavy  smoking,  on  middle-aged  business 
men,  on  young  boys,  and  on  those  in  poor  condi- 
tion of  health,  and  also  with  different  forms  of 
tobacco  (cigarette,  cigar,  pipe,  etc.).  The  same 
brand  of  a  strong  cigar  was  used  throughout 
these  studies.  A  partial  study,  using  cigarettes, 
was  made  in  one  case. 

The  studies  are  arranged  in  chronological  order, 
as  each  was  suggested  by  or  grew  out  of  the  pre- 
vious study.    The  general  method  of  presenting 


GENERAL  METHOD  xix 

them  is  to  state  the  objective  and  purpose  of  the 
thesis,  give  the  conditions  of  the  experiment  and 
method  of  procedure,  present  one  to  three  in- 
dividual detailed  tables  as  examples,  then  give 
the  general  average  or  summary  tables,  and  fol- 
low with  the  final  summary  and  conclusions. 
Following  this  appears  an  appendix,  giving  all  of 
the  detailed  individual  tables  from  which  the 
average  and  summary  tables  were  compiled. 
Throughout  the  book  the  letters  A  to  M  used  in 
referring  to  the  subjects  of  the  experiments  in- 
dicate non-smokers;  the  letters  N  to  Z  indicate 
^^okev^.  Elmer  Berry. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  THE  KEADER 

This  book  is  intended  both  for  popular  reading 
and  also  for  thorough  study. 

The  material  is  so  arranged  that  a  general 
survey  of  each  experiment  can  be  quickly  and 
readily  made.  It  is  also  arranged  so  that  those 
who  would  study  the  tests  in  careful  detail  have 
all  the  tables  available  for  scrutiny. 

The  book  is  arranged  in  four  parts.  Each  part 
contains  the  results  of  a  special  research.  Each 
part  in  turn  is  presented  in  two  sections,  namely, 
a  general  statement  with  one  or  two  typical 
tables  and  general  summary,  and  an  appendix 
containing  a  large  number  of  tables  giving  the 
details  in  full.  If  the  tables  in  the  several  ap- 
pendices are  passed  over  the  first  time,  it  will 
make  the  reading  very  simple  and  give  a  compre- 
hensive survey  of  the  studies.  Then  the  tables 
can  be  returned  to  and  studied  in  careful  detail. 


PART  I 

THE  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING  ON 
HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE 

Experimental  Work  by 

J.  W.  PAYNE 

International  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  College, 

Springfield,  Mass.,  1914 


The  Effects  of  Smoking  on  Heart  Rate  and 
Blood  Pressure 

The  object  of  this  study  was  to  determin^he 
effect  of  smoking  upon  heart  rate  and  ifeod 
pressure.  ^^ 

The  room  in  which  the  tests  were  taken  was 
the  smoking  laboratory  previously  mentioned, 
and  while  the  conditions  were  not  ideal,  they  did 
not  vary  from  day  to  day. 

The  ventilation  was  direct  and  no  effort  was 
made  to  control  the  humidity.  The  temperature, 
however,  was  kept  as  nearly  as  possible  at  68 
degrees  F. 

The  subjects  were  young  men,  leading  active, 
healthy  lives,  none  of  them  smoking  of tener  than 
twice  each  day,  so  that  they  may  be  classed  as 
moderate  smokers.  They  had  supper  at  six  p.  M. 
and  came  to  the  room,  which  was  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  dining  hall,  as  soon  as  possible 
after  they  had  eaten.  In  addition  to  walking 
this  distance,  there  were  two  flights  of  stairs  to 
climb,  but  if  these  were  climbed  in  a  leisurely 
manner,  there  Vv^as  very  little  effect  on  the  heart 

3 


4         PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

rate.  If  it  T\^as  thought  that  a  man  had  hurried, 
he  was  made  to  sit  quietly,  for  a  longer  period 
than  usual,  or  until  conditions  were  normal. 

Irrespective  of  the  amount  of  exertion  previous 
to  entering  the  room,  the  subject  was  seated 
quietly  for  not  less  than  five  minutes.  From 
where  he  was  seated  to  where  the  horizontal 
tests  were  taken  was  not  more  than  ten  feet,  but 
to  obviate  any  effect  which  the  rising  from  the 
chair,  etc.,  might  cause,  he  was  allowed  to  lie  for 
at  least  three  minutes  before  the  pulse  rate  was 
taken. 

An  ordinary  watch  having  a  second  hand  on 
the  dial  was  used.  The  radial  pulse  was  taken 
in  the  horizontal  position,  in  three  periods  of  a 
quarter  second  each,  with  a  five-second  interval 
between.  Immediately  after  this  the  blood  pres- 
sure was  taken.  The  subject  then  rose  to  a  stand- 
ing position  and  time  varying  with  the  individ- 
ual was  allowed  for  cardiac  adjustment.  The 
pulse  rate  was  again  taken  as  in  the  horizontal 
position  and  this  was  followed  by  the  blood  pres- 
sure record. 

The  palpitation  method  was  used  to  determine 
the  blood  pressure  and  the  instrument  used  was 
a  Stanton  Sphygmomanometer,  a  modification  of 
the  Riva-Rocci  instrument.  Any  change  less 
than  three  millimeters  was  not  considered.  Pres- 
sure was  applied  until  the  pulse  was  obliterated 


HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE      5 

and  then  released,  allowing  the  mercury  to  fall 
not  more  than  5  mm.  at  a  time  until  the  pulse 
reappeared.  The  mercury  was  again  raised  a 
few  millimeters,  obliterating  the  pulse,  and  low- 
ered slowly  until  the  pulse  again  reappeared  and 
this  reading  was  taken. 

The  so-called  normal  tests  (i.  e.,  without  smok- 
ing) were  taken  to  determine  what  effect  the 
environment  would  have  on  the  men. 

To  get  this  the  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure 
were  taken  according  to  the  procedure  already 
described  and  again  at  the  end  of  30  minutes,  and 
except  for  the  fact  that  the  men  did  not  smoke 
every  other  condition  was  the  same. 

The  subjects,  whether  smoking  or  not,  were 
allowed  to  study,  read,  or  write  letters  as  they 
wished.  It  was  observed,  however,  that  more 
attention  was  given  to  the  cigar  than  to  the  task 
they  had  set  themselves  and  it  is  believed  that 
the  physical  element  did  not  enter  into  the  tests 
to  any  great  extent. 

After  smoking,  the  heart  rate  and  blood  pres- 
sure readings  were  taken  again  as  before. 

Illustrations  of  the  individual  tests  on  Mr.  P. 
follow : 


PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


NORMAL  TESTS  (Without  smoking) 

Mr.  P. 

Difference 

Hor.             Vert.                     Hor.  Vert. 

H.E.    B.P.  H.R.    B.P. 

4            0  0-4 

-8    -14  -4      -3 

-8      -2  -16      -6 

-8      -1  -4         5 

-10     -1  -8     -1 


Date 

Time 

H.K. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

I. 

1/15 

7:00 

72 

109 

84 

118 

7:30 

76 

109 

84 

114 

II. 

2/2 

6:40 

72 

123 

84 

123 

7:25 

64 

109 

80 

120 

III. 

2/5 

7:05 

80 

111 

96 

117 

7:40 

72 

109 

80 

111 

IV. 

2/6 

7:15 

80 

101 

92 

105 

7:50 

72 

100 

88 

110 

V. 

2/11 

7:40 

76 

106 

84 

108 

8:15 

66 

105 

76 

107 

CIGARETTE 

TESTJ 

3 

Mr.  P 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert, 

Date 

Time 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

I.  2/9 

7:05 

88 

114 

92 

116- 

7:50 

92 

109 

96 

115 

4 

-5 

4 

II.  2/12 

7:10 

76 

114 

88 

116 

7:55 

76 

115 

88 

117 

0 

1 

0 

III.  2/18 

7:20 

84 

111 

90 

113 

7:45 

72 

109 

92 

117 

-12 

—  2 

2 

IV.  2/19 

7:05 

76 

104 

84 

103 

7:35 

76 

108 

88 

113 

0 

4 

4 

V.  2/25 

7:10 

76 

106 

88 

109 

7:40 

80 

110 

88 

113 

4 

4 

0 

VI.  3/2 

7:15 

80 

108 

100 

110 

7:45 

76 

104 

92 

106 

-4 

-4 

-8 

10 


HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE      7 


CIGAR  TESTS 
Mr.  P. 

Difference 
Hor.  Vert.  Hor.  Vert. 

Date.  Time  h.r.  b.p.     h.r.  b.p.  h.r.  b.p.     h.r.  b.p. 

I.  1/22   7:00  80     112       94     117 

7:40  88     112       96     124  8         0         2         7 

II.  1/26    7:00  84     106       88     113 

7:40     90  108  102  114       6    2   14    1 

III.  1/30  7:20     72  103   84  114 

8:00     72  108   84  110       0    5    0-4 

IV.  3/3  7:20     80  108   92  112 

8:10     76  110   88  110      -4    2   -4  -2 
V.  3/4  7:05     76  119   84  122 

8:00  72     122       88     127  -4345 


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8.        PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


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HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE      9 


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10       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  ^MOKING 


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HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE  11 

The  curves  in  the  diagrams  for  Mr.  P.  show 
that  under  the  conditions  of  the  experiment  with- 
out smoking  there  was  a  tendency  for  the  heart 
rate  and  blood  pressure  to  drop.  With  smoking 
the  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure  were  generally 
raised. 

Ten  men  were  studied,  6  smokers  and  4  non- 
smokers. 

One  hundred  and  nineteen  experiments  were 
made,  44  normal,  33  with  cigarettes,  and  42  with 
cigars. 

Observations  on  the  change  in  heart  rate  and 
blood  pressure  were  recorded  236  times,  approxi- 
mately half  of  them  in  the  horizontal  position 
and  half  in  the  vertical  position.  Of  these  88 
were  normal,  64  with  cigarettes  and  84  with 
cigars. 

A  summary  of  all  the  tests  follows  which  shows 
the  number  of  times  in  which  the  heart  rate  and 
blood  pressure  increased,  remained  the  same,  or 
decreased,  both  in  the  horizontal  and  vertical 
positions  and  the  per  cent  which  each  forms  of 
the  total  number  of  observations.  This  is  indi- 
cated for  the  normal  individual  where  no  smok- 
ing was  done,  after  smoking  cigarettes,  and  after 
smoking  cigars. 


12       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


SUMMARY  OF  TABLES 

Normal  Cigarettes  Cigars 

Heakt  Per  Per  Per 

Rate     Hor.  Vert  .Tot.  cent.  Hor.  Vert.  Tot.  cent.  Hor.  Vert.  Tot.  cent. 

Decrease  23     25     48     54.5       8       6     14     21.8       4       5       9  10.7 

Same         18     12     30     34.1     12     11     23     35.9       8       5     13  15.5 

Increase     3       7     10     11.4     12     15     27     42.2     30     32     62  73.8 

Blood 

Pressure 

Decrease     17     19     36     41  7       9     16     25  1     13     14  16.7 

Same  21     16     37     42        16     14     30     46.9     12     16     28  33.3 

Increase        6       9     15     17  9       9     18     28.1     29     13     42  50 


HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE    13 


Percentage  of  Change  in  Heart  Rate 


,, Normal 
■.Cigarettes 
■■Cigars 


14       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 
Percentage  of  Change  in  Blood  Pressure 


50 
40 
30 
20 
10 


DECREASE 

SAME 
INCREASE 

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iNoRMAL 
.CiGARETTBS 

.Cigars 


SUMMAKY  OF  CONCLUSIONS 

1.  The  conditions  under  which  the  normal  tests 
(without  smoking)  were  taken  favored  a  de- 
crease in  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure.  In  heart 
rate  54.5  per  cent  decreased,  11.4  per  cent  in- 
creased. In  blood  pressure  41  per  cent  decreased, 
17  per  cent  increased. 


HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE  15 

2.  Some  subjects  were  affected  more  than 
others. 

3.  Cigarette  smoking  caused  an  increase  in 
heart  rate  and  maintained  a  blood  pressure  which 
otherwise  would  have  dropped. 

4.  Cigar  smoking  caused  a  considerable  in- 
crease in  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure. 

5.  In  a  number  of  instances  in  the  cigar  tests, 
the  heart  was  unable  to  maintain  in  the  vertical 
position  the  increased  blood  pressure  found  in 
the  horizontal  position,  showing  a  disturbance  of 
vaso-motor  control. 

6.  The  effect  noted  in  conclusion  5  was  more 
pronounced  in  tests  taken  on  non-smokers. 

In  addition  to  these  effects,  there  were  some 
general  impressions  created,  which  are  not  stated 
in  the  conclusions  from  the  tables  of  the  tests. 
These  impressions  are  given  with  a  full  realiza- 
tion that  there  are  no  figures  from  this  study 
to  substantiate  them,  and  are  as  follows : 

Before  smoking,  or  during  the  tests  taken  to 
determine  the  effect  of  the  environment,  the  time 
necessary  for  cardiac  readjustment,  as  evidenced 
by  the  heart  rate  in  changing  from  the  recumbent 
to  the  vertical  position,  was  usually  from  thirty 
to  forty  seconds.  After  smoking,  it  was  often 
necessary  to  wait  for  a  minute  and  a  half 
or  longer  for  the  heart  to  resume  its  normal 
rhvthm. 


,16       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OP  SMOKING 

The  reader  should  keep  in  mind  in  his  sum- 
mary of  these  experiments  the  following  points : 

1.  The  conditions  under  which  the  tests  were 
taken  favored  a  slowing  down  of  the  heart  rate 
and  a  lowering  of  the  blood  pressure. 

2.  Instead  of  a  slowdng  down,  there  was  in 
most  instances  an  actual  increase  in  the  heart 
rate  and  a  rise  in  blood  pressure. 

3.  Only  a  single  cigar  w^as  used  in  each  test. 
This  should  be  kept  in  mind.  It  w^as  surprising 
to  find  that  such  a  minimum  amount  of  smoking 
would  reveal  such  measurable  results. 

4.  The  fact  that  the  heart  was  not  only  accel- 
erated, but  took  some  considerable  time  to  return 
to  normal  was  significant — more  so  than  that  the 
heart  simply  rose  in  rate. 

If  a  single  cigar  will  disturb  the  rhythm  of  the 
heart  to  the  extent  that  it  will  take  some  con- 
siderable time  for  it  to  return  to  the  normal,  then 
for  a  man  to  smoke  several  cigars  a  day  would,  in 
the  course  of  a  day,  produce  considerable  dis- 
turbance in  this  important  organic  function. 

It  will  pay  the  reader  to  read  the  detailed 
accounts  of  each  experiment  in  the  appendix  to 
Part  I,  ^vhich  follows. 

INDIVIDUAL  TABLES 
For  the  reader  who  wishes  to  follow  the  first 
experiment  in  detail. 


HEAKT  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE    17 


APPENDIX  TO  PART  I 


NORMAL  TESTS  (Without  Smoking)       Mr.  P. 


Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date  Time 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.E. 

B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

I.  1/15 

7:00 

72 

109 

84 

118 

7:30 

76 

109 

84 

114 

4 

0 

0      -4 

II,  2/2 

6:40 

72 

123 

84 

123 

7:25 

64 

109 

80 

120 

-8 

-14 

-4      -3 

III.  2/5 

7:05 

80 

111 

96 

117 

7:40 

72 

109 

80 

111 

-8 

-2 

-16      -6 

IV.  2/6 

7:15 

80 

101 

92 

105 

7:50 

72 

100 

88 

110 

-8 

-1 

-4         5 

V.  2/11 

7:40 

76 

106 

84 

108 

8:15 

66 

105 

76 

107 

-10 

-1 

-8     -1 

CIGARETTE  TESTS     Mr. 

P. 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date 

Time 

H.E. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

I.  2/9 

7:05 

88 

114 

92 

116 

7:50 

92 

109 

96 

115 

4 

-5 

4      -1 

II.  2/12 

7:10 

76 

114 

88 

116 

7:55 

76 

115 

88 

117 

0 

1 

0             1 

III.  2/18 

7:20 

84 

111 

90 

113 

7:45 

72 

109 

92 

117 

-12 

-2 

2         4 

IV.  2/19 

7:05 

76 

104 

84 

103 

- 

7:35 

76 

108 

88 

113 

0 

4 

4       10 

V.  2/25 

7:10 

76 

106 

88 

109 

7:40 

80 

110 

88 

113 

4 

4 

0         4 

VI.  3/2 

7:15 

80 

108 

100 

110 

7:45 

76 

104 

92 

106 

-4 

-4 

-8      -4 

CIGAR  TESTS 

Mr.  P. 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date  Time 

H.E. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

I.   1/22 

7:00 

80 

112 

94 

117 

7:40 

88 

112 

96 

124 

8 

0 

2         7 

II.  1/26 

7:00 

84 

106 

88 

113 

7:40 

90 

108 

102 

114 

6 

2 

14          1 

III.  1/3 

7.20 

72 

103 

84 

114 

8:00 

72 

108 

84 

110 

0 

5 

0      -4 

IV.  3/3 

7:20 

80 

108 

92 

112 

8:10 

76 

110 

88 

110 

-4 

2 

-4      -2 

V.  3/4 

7:05 

76 

119 

84 

122 

8:00 

72 

122 

88 

127 

-4 

3 

4         6 

18       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

CONCLUSIONS  FROM  TESTS  TAKEN  ON  MR.  P. 

The  heart  rate  of  this  subject  is  higher  than  is 
usually  found  in  the  men  here.  The  blood  pres- 
sure, however,  is  well  within  the  normal  range. 

Apparently  the  conditions  under  which  the 
tests  were  conducted  did  not  affect  the  subject. 
In  only  one  experiment,  1/15,  did  the  heart  rate 
increase  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  blood  pres- 
sure, there  being  a  rise  of  5  mm.  of  Hg.  in  experi- 
ment 2/6.  With  these  two  exceptions,  there  is  a 
uniform  drop  in  both  heart  rate  and  blood 
pressure. 

In  the  tests  taken  to  determine  the  effect  of 
cigarette  smoking,  the  heart  rate  in  the  horizon- 
tal position  shows  a  rise  in  two  experiments,  a 
drop  in  two,  and  in  two  it  remained  the  same 
after  smoking  as  before.  The  greatest  change 
occurred  in  experiment  2/18.  Here  the  heart  de- 
creased 12  beats  per  minute  after  smoking.  This 
decrease  might  be  taken  as  an  indication  of  the 
soothing  effect  of  tobacco  smoking,  but  the  range 
in  heart  rate  between  the  horizontal  and  vertical 
positions  is  more  likely  to  be  an  indication  of  car- 
diac disturbance.  There  is  a  possibility,  how- 
ever, that  the  fatigued  condition  of  the  subject 
had  something  to  do  with  the  change.  In  the  ver- 
tical position,  there  is  a  more  general  tendency 
of  the  heart  rate  to  increase  except  in  test  3/2,  in 


HEART  EATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE    19 

which  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  heart  rate  before 
smoking  was  exceptionally  high. 

In  the  horizontal  position,  the  blood  pressure 
shows  an  increase  in  three  readings  and  a  de- 
crease in  three  readings.  These  gains,  or  losses, 
however,  do  not  exceed  5  mm.  In  the  vertical 
position,  there  is  a  decrease  in  but  one  experi- 
ment, 3/2,  the  other  records  showing  at  least  the 
same  if  not  an  increased  blood  pressure  after 
smoking. 

In  view  of  these  tests,  there  seems  to  be  little 
cause  for  alarm  over  the  moderate  use  of  cigar- 
ettes, as  far  as  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure  is 
concerned,  and  the  most  that  can  be  said  in  con- 
clusion is  that  the  smoking  in  a  number  of  cases 
maintained  a  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure  that 
otherwise  would  have  fallen. 

Cigars  affected  the  subject  but  little  more  than 
the  cigarette.  The  decrease  in  heart  rates  in  both 
horizontal  and  vertical  positions  is  slight,  but 
the  rise,  where  there  is  one,  is  more  decided  and 
the  same  is  true  of  the  blood  pressure.  However, 
the  number  of  negative  changes  is  smaller  than 
was  found  when  cigarettes  were  used,  and  it 
does  not  seem  to  be  an  exaggeration  to  say 
that  cigar  smoking  caused  a  slight  increase  in 
heart  rate  and  blood  pressure. 


,20       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

NORMAL  TEST 
Mr.  R. 


Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date  Time 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.B.    B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.R.    B.P, 

I. 

1/15   7:00 

60     113 

68     122 

7:30 

60     119 

76     123 

0            6 

8            1 

II. 

2/12   7:45 

72     123 

92     119 

8:15 

68     101 

84     105 

-4    -22 

-8    -14 

III. 

2/16   7:10 

72     123 

88     118 

II. 
III. 

IV. 
V. 


7:40            60     112       88     111           -12   -11  0     -7 

CIGARETTE  TEST 
Mr.  R. 

Difference 

Hor.             Vert.                     Hor.  Vert. 

H.R.    B.P.  H.R.    B.P. 

12         1  12      -7 

-4      -3  4      -2 


II. 
III. 
IV. 


Date 

Time 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

2/8 

6:55 

50 

128 

60 

135 

7:80 

68 

129 

72 

128 

2/11 

7:30 

72 

122 

80 

122 

8:05 

68 

119 

84 

120 

2/13 

3:00 

64 

122 

84 

124 

3:30 

70 

123 

92 

128 

2/20 

6:40 

60 

119 

84 

114 

7:20 

64 

119 

84 

116 

2/25 

6.30 

*64 

125 

80 

123 

7:05 

72 

140 

88 

135 

*  Three  cigj 

irette 

CIGAR  TEST 

Mr.  R. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date 

Time 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

1/21 

8:10 

62 

116 

72 

115 

9:00 

62 

123 

76 

122 

1/23 

7:00 

64 

133 

92 

129 

7:40 

72 

134 

88 

123 

1/28 

7:45 

72 

1.34 

8S 

124 

8:25 

72 

1.33 

88 

125 

3/4 

6:40 

60 

123 

76 

121 

7:20 

72 

127 

80 

123 

8       15         8       12 


Difference 
Hor.  Vert. 

H.R.    B.P.        H.R.    B.P. 


-4      -6 


HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE  21 

CONCLUSIONS  FROM  TESTS  TAKEN  ON  MR.  R. 

Mr.  R.  could  not  give  the  time  necessary  for  the 
completion  of  the  tests  and  they  are  unsatisfac- 
tory on  that  account.  The  first  experiment,  1/15, 
was  taken  the  first  time  the  subject  came  to  the 
room  and  he  was,  therefore,  not  used  to  the  con- 
ditions. The  rise  in  heart  rate  and  blood  pres- 
sure could  very  easily  be  attributed  to  some  excit- 
ing factor,  though  a  careful  consideration  failed 
to  reveal  anything  out  of  the  ordinary. 

In  the  other  two  tests  there  is  a  decided  de- 
crease in  both  heart  and  blood  i3ressure,  except  in 
test  2/16,  in  which  case  the  heart  rate  in  the 
vertical  position  remained  the  same.  In  view  of 
the  decided  change  in  these  two  tests,  it  is  fair  to 
say  that  the  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure 
dropped. 

The  cigarette  tests  show  a  general  increase  in 
heart  rate,  except  in  test  2/11,  in  which  there  was 
a  decrease  of  4  beats  per  min.  in  the  horizontal 
position,  and  in  test  2/20  it  remained  the  same  in 
the  vertical  position. 

However,  the  increase  of  over  four  beats  in 
almost  every  other  instance  proves  that  cigarette 
smoking  caused  the  heart  rate  to  increase. 

The  blood  pressure  shows  no  great  changes. 
In  test  2/8  the  increase  in  heart  rate  and  the 
change  of  seven  in  pressure  between  the  vertical 


.22       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

and  the  horizontal  positions  before  smoking,  as 
contrasted  with  a  lack  of  change  after  smoking, 
might  be  considered  an  indication  of  loss  of  vaso- 
motor control.  In  test  2/25  the  subject  smoked 
three  cigarettes  and  the  result  shows  that  the 
effect  was  much  greater.  From  this  it  would 
seem  that  only  the  smoking  of  a  third  cigarette 
would  produce  definite  changes. 

The  general  effect  on  this  subject  seems  to  be 
to  increase  the  heart  rate  and  maintain  a  blood 
pressure  which  would  otherwise  have  decreased. 

Smoking  a  cigar  apparently  did  not  affect  this 
subject  as  much  as  cigarette  smoking.  This  in  all 
probability  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  subject 
inhaled  in  the  latter  case  and  this  would  permit 
of  greater  toxic  effects. 

According  to  Dr.  Crampton,  the  blood  pressure 
indicates  poor  condition,  inasmuch  as  the  pres- 
sure in  the  vertical  position  is  less  than  in 
the  horizontal  position.  There  is  little  proof 
that  this  poor  condition  is  accelerated  to  any  ex- 
tent by  the  smoking  of  a  cigar.  In  test  1/23  the 
heart  rate  is  brought  to  a  more  nearly  normal 
condition,  but  the  blood  pressure  condition  is 
aggravated  and  this  is  also  true  in  test  3/4.  How- 
ever, in  test  1/28  the  condition  is  improved. 
This  is  not  enough  evidence  to  prove  that  smok- 
ing is  either  beneficial  or  harmful  in  this  sense. 

The  survey  of  the  cigar  tests  fails  to  bring  out 


HEAET  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE    23 


any  striking  changes.  In  only  one  case  did  tlie 
blood  pressure  show  a  marked  decrease  and  in 
that  test  it  also  showed  a  striking  decrease  in  the 
pressure  change  between  the  horizontal  and  ver- 
tical position.  The  indication  here  is  that  the 
vaso-motor  control  is  affected.  Apart  from  this, 
the  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure  were  main- 
tained, but  the  effect  of  tobacco  smoking  in  this, 
as  in  all  the  other  tests,  should  be  measured  in 
terms  of  the  decrease  Avhich  would  have  been 
present  if  the  subject  had  not  smoked. 


NORMAL  TESTS 
Mr.  S. 


Difference 


Date  Time 


I.  1/22 
II.  2/2 

III.  2/5 

IV.  2/11 
V.  4/7 


00 
30 
00 
30 
40 
20 
45 
20 
05 
35 


Hor. 

H.E.  B.P. 

72  122 


Vert. 

H.E.  B.P. 

84  123 


Hor. 

H.R.  B.P. 


Vert. 

H.R.  B.P. 


72 
80 
76 
80 
78 
76 
76 
76 
76 


118 
133 
134 
112 
110 
126 
120 
119 
120 


76 


88 


80 


80 


80 


115 
135 
138 
116 
110 
122 
121 
122 
120 


-6 


-8      -1 


1      -8 


CIGARETTE  TESTS 
Mr.  S. 


Difference 


Date 
I.  2/9 

II.  2/11 

III.  2/12 


IV. 


V. 


2/17 
2/19 


Time 
7:25 
8:00 
8:15 
8:40 
7:15 
7:40 
7:30 
8:00 
7:30 
8:05 


Hor. 

H.E.    B.P. 

76  125 

76  119 

76  120 

76  121 

76  119 

72  113 

76  114 

72  115 

76  124 

76  132 


Vert. 

H.E.  B.P. 

96  127 

96  121 

78  121 

84  117 

92  125 

86  113 


Hor. 

H.R.  B.P. 


-4   -6 


Vert. 

H.R.  B.P. 
0   -6 


-6  -12 


92 

88 


111 
116 


-4 


92  124 

92  128 


24       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

CIGAR  TEST 

Mr.  S.  Difference 

Hor.            Vert.  Hor.            Vert. 

Date  Time          h.r.  b.p.     h.e.  b.p.  h.r.  b.p.     h.r.  b.p. 

I.  1/15   7:00  60  113  68  122 

7:40  60  119  76  123  0        6        8         1 

II.  1/18   2:45  72  114  80  122 

3:30  76  114  88  122  4        0         8        0 

III.  1/19  7:25  72  116  80  116 

8:05     76  122   80  127       4    6    0   11 

IV.  1/22  7:40     72  118   76  115 

8:25  72  131  72  127       0   13  -4   12 

V.  1/26  7:05  76  123  82  125 

7:50  76  129  94  126       0    6   12    1 

VI.  1/27  6:45  74  128  84  125 

7:05  78  132  94  126       4    4   10    1 

VII.  1/29  7:00  68  130  80  124 

7:40  76  130  84  127       8    0    4    3 


CONCLUSIONS  FEOM  TESTS  TAKEN  ON  MR.  S. 

The  heart  rate  in  the  horizontal  position  re- 
mained the  same  or  was  slightly  lower.  In  the 
vertical  position  there  is  a  more  decided  change. 
In  only  one  instance,  test  2/2,  was  the  heart  rate 
the  same,  a  uniform  decrease  of  eight  beats  being 
the  result  in  the  other  tests. 

In  the  test  in  which  the  heart  rate  remained 
the  same,  there  was  a  slight  increase  in  the  blood 
pressure  in  the  vertical  position.  With  this  ex- 
ception, the  pressure  was  decreased  or  the  same. 
The  burden  of  the  tests  then  would  be  to  prove 
that  under  the  conditions  of  the  test  the  heart 
rate  and  blood  pressure  would  decrease. 

The  results  of  the  cigarette  tests  are  not  defi- 


HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE    25 

nite  in  showing  either  a  beneficial  or  deleterious 
effect.  While  it  is  true  that  the  negative  results 
are  not  as  frequent  as  in  the  normal  tests  and 
that  in  tests  2/11  and  2/19  the  blood  pressure 
condition  is  slightly  changed,  it  might  be  argued 
from  tests  2/12  and  2/17  that  the  effect  really  im- 
proved the  subject's  condition,  since  in  the  first 
test  both  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure  were  ma- 
terially reduced  and  in  the  latter  case  the  condi- 
tion was  more  nearly  normal.  In  view  of  these 
facts,  it  may  be  said  that  the  cigarette  smoking 
did  not  affect  the  smoker. 

In  the  tests  taken  to  determine  the  effects  of 
a  single  cigar,  there  is  a  record  of  but  one  de- 
crease, and  that  of  four  beats  per  minute  in  the 
heart  rate  in  the  vertical  position,  test  1/22.  In 
a  few  cases,  the  heart  rate  remained  the  same, 
but  the  greater  number  of  records  show  a  definite 
increase. 

The  blood  pressure  records  show  that  there 
were  no  negative  changes,  the  pressure  remaining 
the  same  in  six  tests  and  showing  a  rise  of  from 
3mm.  to  13mm.  of  Hg.  in  eight. 

The  relative  changes,  i.  e.,  the  difference  be- 
tween heart  rate  and  blood  pressure  in  the  hori- 
zontal and  vertical  positions,  remained  practi- 
cally unchanged  after  smoking. 

It  is  evident  that  although  there  were  no  abnor- 
mal conditions  resulting  from  smoking  a  cigar. 


26        PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


there  is  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  heart  rate 
and  blood  pressure  to  increase. 


] 

NFORMAL  TESTS 

Mr.  I 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert, 

Date   Time 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

I.  2/2      7:05 

62 

105 

88 

110 

7:35 

62 

104 

80 

114 

0 

-1 

-8         4 

II.  2/11   7:25 

64 

110 

80 

115 

8:00 

56 

107 

68 

110 

-8 

-3 

-12      -5 

III.  4/6     7:25 

68 

114 

84 

114 

8:00 

68 

114 

80 

116 

0 

0 

-4         2 

IV.  4/9     7:15 

68 

106 

88 

108 

7:55 

68 

108 

88 

112 

0 

2 

0         4 

V.  4/13   7:25 

72 

114 

88 

115 

8:10 

68 

112 

80 

114 

-4 

-2 

-8     -1 

CIGAR  TESTS 

Mr.  T. 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date  Time 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

I.  1/18  7 

30 

64 

108 

88 

114 

8 

10 

74 

114 

88 

120 

10 

6 

0           6 

II.  1/19   8 

00 

64 

109 

92 

119 

8 

45 

68 

111 

96 

120 

4 

2 

4         1 

III.  1/20  8 

30 

66 

109 

88 

117 

9 

10 

70 

109 

80 

112 

4 

0 

-8      -5 

IV.  1/21    7 

30 

68 

110 

84 

122 

8 

15 

72 

109 

88 

117 

4 

-1 

4      -5 

V.  4/6     7 

20 

68 

113 

84 

116 

8 

15 

72 

113 

92 

115 

4 

0 

8      -1 

CONCLUSIONS  FROM  TESTS  TAKEN  ON  MR.  T. 

A  study  of  the  normal  tests  taken  on  Mr.  T. 
shows  a  decided  drop,  or  at  least  a  maintenance 
of  a  fairly  low  heart  rate. 

The  blood  pressure  was  maintained  in  the  hori- 


HEART  EATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSUEE    27 

zontal  position,  except  in  one  case  in  which  there 
was  a  slight  decrease.  In  the  vertical  position 
the  blood  pressure  increased  in  two  experiments, 
was  maintained  in  two  and  decreased  in  one.  It 
is,  therefore,  the  conclusion  that  there  is  a  slight 
tendency  of  the  blood  pressure  to  rise.  The 
changes  are  so  slight  as  to  be  almost  negligible 
and  the  most  that  can  be  said  is  that  there  is  a 
slight  drop  in  the  heart  rate. 

The  odor  and  taste  of  a  cigarette  were  objec- 
tionable and  it  was  possible  to  secure  but  one 
test,  w^hich  is  given  here. 


Difference 
Hor.  Vert.  Hor.  Vert. 

Date  Time  h.r.  b.p.     h.r.  b.p.  h.r.  b.p.     h.r.  b.p. 

3/4     7:30  72     102       84     105 

8:05  68     115       88     117  -4       13         4       12 


According  to  this,  there  is  a  decided  increase 
in  blood  pressure,  but  the  effect  on  the  heart  rate 
is  of  no  account.  The  change  in  the  blood  pres- 
sure may  be  due  to  the  cigarette  smoke,  but  a 
part  of  it  is  probably  due  to  the  psychical  dis- 
turbance, since  the  subject  made  known  his  dis- 
like for  this  form  of  smoking  during  the  entire 
period. 

While  the  cigar  tests  show  no  alarming 
changes,  the  action  of  the  heart  is  at  least  definite 
in  its  increase,  except  in  test  1/18,  in  which  it 


28       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

remained  the  same  and  in  test  1/20  in  which 
there  was  a  decrease  of  8  beats  per  min.  In  this 
latter  case,  hoAvever,  the  heart  was  irregular  in 
its  rhythm  when  the  subject  assumed  the  vertical 
position,  and  this  would  militate  against  the  use 
of  tobacco  by  this  subject. 

The  blood  pressure  in  the  horizontal  position 
was  maintained  except  in  one  case,  1/18,  in  which 
it  was  increased.  In  the  vertical  position  in  this 
same  test  there  was  also  an  increase.  In  two 
tests  there  was  a  decrease  in  blood  pressure  in 
the  vertical  position  and  in  the  remaining  two 
tests  it  remained  as  before  smoking. 

The  conclusion  is  that  cardiac  and  vaso-motor 
control  were  disturbed  to  a  slight  degree  by 
smoking. 


Difference 
Hor.  Vert. 

H.E.    B.P.       H.R.    B.P, 

-6403 

II. 
III. 

0      -4 
IV. 

4-1         0-3 

-4     -6     -8         2 


NORMAL  TESTS 

Mr.  U. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date  Time 

H.E. 

B.P. 

H.E,    B.P. 

2/20 

7:25 

76 

118 

96     116 

7:55 

70 

122 

96     119 

3/2 

7:00 

*80 

130 

100     116 

7:30 

72 

127 

100     122 

4/7 

7:15 

76 

135 

92     128 

7:55 

76 

135 

88     137 

4/9 

7:25 

76 

130 

88     126 

80 

129 

88     123 

4/14 

7:30 

t76 

129 

92     125 

72 

124 

84     127 

*  Bad  cold. 

t  Indigestion. 

HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE  29 


CIGARETTE  TESTS 

Mr.  U 

. 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert 

Date  Time 

H.B.    B.P. 

H.E. 

B.P. 

H.E. 

B.P. 

H.E.    B 

.P. 

I. 

2/12 

7:30 

76     131 

98 

123 

8:00 

76     126 

96 

117 

0 

-5 

-2       - 

-5 

II. 

2/14 

7:00 

84     120 

88 

123 

7:25 

80     123 

100 

128 

-4 

3 

12 

5 

III. 

2/25 

7:15 

88     124 

100 

120 

7:45 

88     132 

100 

122 

0 

8 

0 

2 

IV. 

3/4 

6:40 

76     127 

96 

119 

7:20 

76     127 

100 

118 

0 

0 

4      - 

-1 

V. 

3/30 

7:05 

*76     134 

100 

130 

7:45 

72     132 

100 

124 

-4 

-2 

0     - 

-6 

*  Three  cigarettes. 

CIGAR  TESTS 

Mr.  U. 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert, 

Date  Time 

H.E.    B.P. 

H.E. 

B.P. 

H.E. 

B.P. 

H.R.    B 

.p. 

I. 

3/31 

7:10 

84     129 

110 

130 

8:10 

80     116 

108 

116 

-4 

-13 

-2    - 

14 

II. 

4/3 

6:35 

84     124 

100 

124 

7:05 

88     136 

112 

130 

4 

12 

12 

6 

III. 

4/6 

3:05 

76     128 

88 

125 

4:10 

68     128 

88 

125 

-8 

0 

0 

0 

IV. 

4/8 

6:55 

80     129 

100 

122 

7:40 

92     135 

108 

116 

12 

6 

8  '- 

-6 

V. 

4/13 

7:05 

76     130 

88 

129 

7:55 

76     140 

96 

128 

0 

10 

8      - 

-1 

CONCLUSIONS  FROM  TESTS  TAKEN  ON  MR.  U. 

A  study  of  the  normal  tables  of  Mr.  U.  shows 
that  the  heart  rate  remained  the  same  or  de- 
creased, except  in  one  instance  in  which  there  was 
an  increase  of  4  beats  per  min.  in  the  horizontal 
position.  It  will  be  noticed,  however,  that  the 
heart  rate  in  the  vertical  position  is  higher  than 


.30       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

is  usually  found  in  men  who  are  taking  regular 
exercise. 

The  blood  pressure  shows  that  the  man,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Crampton,  was  in  poor  condition, 
although  he  laughed  at  the  suggestion. 

In  the  horizontal  position  there  is  a  slight  drop 
in  two  tests,  a  rise  in  one  and  no  change  in  the 
remaining  two.  In  the  vertical  position  there  is 
a  rise  in  three  tests,  a  drop  in  one  and  no  change 
in  one.  The  evidence,  therefore,  would  seem  to 
be  in  favor  of  a  slight  rise  in  blood  pressure  in 
the  vertical  position. 

A  close  study  of  the  table  reveals  the  fact  that 
the  heart  rate  is  extremely  high,  with  a  difference 
of  20  beats  or  over  between  the  horizontal  and 
vertical,  except  in  test  4/9,  where  there  is  a  dif- 
ference of  12.  A  second  fact  to  be  observed  is 
that  the  blood  pressure  in  every  instance  was 
lower  in  the  vertical  than  in  the  horizontal  posi- 
tion when  the  first  tests  were  taken.  The  tests 
taken  at  the  end  of  the  rest  period  show  a  change 
in  condition  for  the  better:  in  two  the  relative 
difference  was  the  same  and  in  one  the  fault  was 
accentuated. 

The  heart  rate  shows  an  improvement  in  car- 
diac control  in  three  tests  and  in  two  it  is  aggra- 
vated, because  of  a  lower  rate  in  the  horizontal 
position. 

While   there   was   not    a   uniformitv   in    the 


HEART  KATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE    31 

changes,  there  does  not  seem  to  be  evidence 
enough  to  warrant  a  belief  that  the  test  condi- 
tions affected  the  subject  unfavorably. 

The  tests  taken  after  the  subject  had  smoked 
the  required  number  of  cigarettes,  when  com- 
pared with  the  results  before  smoking,  show  no 
changes  that,  taken  as  a  group,  can  be  used  to 
prove  anything  one  way  or  another.  The  relative 
differences,  however,  show  changes  that  give  one 
a  clearer  idea  of  the  effects. 

In  the  normal  tests  the  balance  of  the  results 
was  in  favor  of  an  improved  condition,  but  in  this 
table  the  opposite  is  true.  In  every  instance  in 
which  the  blood  pressure  was  lower  in  the  ver- 
tical than  in  the  horizontal  position  the  range 
was  increased.  The  heart  rate  was  affected  in 
the  same  way  in  two  instances,  and  in  the  three 
remaining  tests  there  was  no  change  in  the  rela- 
tion. In  view  of  these  facts,  it  may  be  said  that 
cigarette  smoking  affected  the  subject  unfavor- 
ably in  that  there  was  a  slight  loss  of  vaso-motor 
control. 

The  changes  that  take  place  after  the  subject 
had  smoked  a  cigar  are  more  decided  than  in 
either  the  normal  or  cigarette  tests,  but  they  are 
not  at  all  uniform.  It  will  be  necessary,  there- 
fore, to  consider  each  test  on  its  own  merit. 

In  test  3/31  the  blood  pressure  has  been  re- 
duced to  a  more  nearly  normal  level,  but  an  ex- 


:^2       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

tremelv  high  heart  rate  was  not  appreciably 
affected. 

In  test  4/3,  an  alread}^  high  heart  rate  is  in- 
creased. The  blood  pressure  is  also  increased 
and  in  addition  the  relation  between  the  horizon- 
tal and  vertical  is  disturbed. 

Test  4/6  shows  no  change  except  a  decreased 
heart  rate  in  the  horizontal  position. 

The  next  experiment,  4/8,  shows  a  considerable 
increase  in  heart  rate.  The  blood  pressure  in  the 
recumbent  position  is  also  increased,  but  there 
is  a  decrease  in  the  vertical  position.  These  re- 
sults point  to  a  loss  of  vaso-motor  control. 

Test  4/13  is  practically  the  same  as  the  pre- 
ceding one  and  although  the  blood  pressure  in 
the  horizontal  position  borders  on  the  abnormal, 
the  relative  difference  is  not  quite  as  great. 

It  is  evident  from  these  results  that  cigar 
smoking  caused  a  loss  of  vaso-motor  control. 

NORMAL  TESTS 

Mr,  v.  Difference 

Hor.     Vert.  Hor.     Vert. 

Date  Time    h.r.  b.p.  h.r.  b.p.  h.r.  b.p.  h.r.  b.p. 

I.  1/21  7:00  68  123  80  133 

7:.30  68  123  84  131       0    0    4   -2 

II.  2/5  6:56  68  129  80  130 

7:30  68  123  84  125       0-6    4-5 

III.  4/8  7:25  76  122  84  124 

8:00     76  127   84  128       0    5    0    4 

IV.  4/14  7:25     68  123   84  125 

7:55     68  121   76  127       0-2-8    2 
v.  4/16  6:55     72  120   80  129 

7:25     76  128   80  128       4   8   0-1 


HEAKT  KATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE    33 


II. 
III. 
IV. 

V. 


CIGARETTE  TESTS 

Mr.  V. 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date  Time 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

2/12    6:45 

*76     127 

88     136 

7:30 

86     130 

104     138 

10 

3 

16             2 

2/18   7:00 

68     118 

80     125 

7:30 

76     122 

92     124 

8 

4 

12      -I 

2/20   7:15 

76     115 

80     117 

7:45 

72     113 

92     116 

-4 

-2 

12      -1 

2/21    7:45 

72     123 

84     123 

8:15 

76     122 

88     125 

4 

-1 

4         2 

4/5     7:05 

*76     131 

84     134 

7:40 

80     129 

92     124 

4 

-2 

8    -10 

*  Three  cigarettes. 

CIGAR  TESTS 

Mr.  V. 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date  Time 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.R. 

B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

1/20   7:00 

68     123 

84     132 

7:40 

88     136 

108     146 

20 

13 

24       14 

1/21    7:30 

68     123 

84     131 

8:10 

84     134 

92     142 

16 

11 

8       11 

1/22   7:10 

72     129 

78     132 

7:55 

84     139 

96     132 

12 

10 

18         0 

1/23    6:45 

72     118 

84     126 

7:30 

90     129 

100     132 

12 

11 

16         6 

4/3      7:30 

80     129 

88     130 

8:20 

88     132 

96     133 

8 

4 

8         3 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 
V. 


CONCLUSIONS  FROM  TESTS  ON  MR.  V. 

In  considering  the  results  of  these  tables,  it 
should  be  kept  in  mind  that  this  man  apparently 
was  able  to  concentrate  on  the  work  which  he 
had  elected  to  do  while  he  was  in  the  room.  De- 
spite the  psychical  stimulus  which  was  undoubt- 
edly present,  there  are  not  enough  increases  in 
either  heart  rate  or  blood  pressure  to  permit  the 
statement  that  the  conditions  affected  him  un- 
favorably. 


34       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

The  cigarette  tests  are  consistent  in  the  action 
on  the  heart,  which  is  increased  in  every  instance 
except  in  test  2/20,  in  which  there  was  a  decrease 
of  4  beats,  but  in  this  case  the  relative  change 
should  be  considered. 

The  blood  pressure  was  hardly  affected  and  the 
most  that  one  can  say  is  that  the  blood  pressure 
was  maintained.  In  the  preceding  statement, 
test  4/5  was  purposely  left  out  of  the  considera- 
tion, because  in  this  case  as  in  test  2/12,  three 
cigarettes  were  smoked.  The  effect  in  test  2/12 
was  to  increase  the  heart  rate  greatly.  In  test 
4/5  the  effect  is  on  both  the  heart  rate  and  blood 
pressure,  increasing  the  former  and  disturbing 
the  balance  in  the  latter. 

The  effect  then  of  cigarette  smoking,  plus  a 
psychical  element,  not  measurable,  is  to  increase 
the  heart  rate,  and  once  where  three  cigarettes 
are  smoked,  to  disturb  the  vaso-motor  control. 

The  cigar  smoking,  on  the  other  hand,  made  a 
most  decided  impression.  The  heart  rate  in- 
creased as  many  as  twenty-four  beats  and  the 
blood  pressure,  except  in  one  instance,  registered 
an  increase  in  arterial  pressure.  In  the  one  in- 
stance mentioned,  test  III,  there  was  no  change 
in  the  vertical  pressures  before  and  after  smok- 
ing. However,  it  will  be  observed  that  the  heart 
was  unable  to  maintain  the  high  pressure  found 
in  the  horizontal  position. 


HEAET  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE    35 

The  conclusion  from  these  experiments  is  that 
the  heart  rate  is  increased  slightly  from  cigarette 
smoking  and  both  blood  pressure  and  heart  rate 
are  materially  increased  when  a  cigar  is  smoked. 


I. 


II. 


III. 


IV. 


NORMAL  TESTS 

Mr.  A.- 

-Non- Smoker 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date  Time 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.E.    B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

2/9      7:00 

64     123 

72     119 

7:50 

60     117 

88     115 

-4     -6 

16      -4 

2/17   7:10 

68     130 

96     125 

7:40 

68     117 

88     111 

0    -13 

-8   -14 

2/18    7:30 

68     114 

88     112 

8:00 

68     115 

88     113 

0         1 

0         1 

3/3     7:35 

68     124 

80     122 

8:05 

64     117 

88     115 

-4     -7 

8     -7 

Date    Time 

I.  3/30   7:20 

7:55 

II.  3/31    7:20 

8:00 


III.  4/6 

IV.  4/7 


7:00 
7:40 
7:05 
7:50 
V.  4/13  7:00 
8:05 


SMOKING  TESTS— CIGAR 


Hor. 


Mr.  A. 


Vert. 


H.R.  B.P.   H.R.  B.P. 

*76  116   88  116 


88  123 

72  110 

80  120 

*76  118 


96  119 

84  120 

96  116 

88  114 


84  124  100  104 
*60  118   84  120 


72  126 

*80  122 

80  128 


92  110 

88  122 
96  116 


Difference 


Hor. 

H.R.    B.P. 


12 


*  Headache  after  smoking. 


Vert. 

H.R.    B.P. 
8  3 


10       12   -14 


12 

-10 

8 

-10 

8 

-6 

CONCLUSIONS  FROM  TESTS  TAKEN  ON  MR.  A. 

The  normal  tests  of  Mr.  A.,  a  non-smoker,  show 
two  rises  of  heart  rate  which  cannot  be  accounted 
for,  otherwise  the  heart  rate  was  decreased. 


36       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

Except  in  the  test  taken  on  2/17,  in  which  it 
did  not  change,  the  blood  pressure  decreased. 

The  smoking  of  a  single  cigar  caused  the  heart 
rate  to  increase  in  all  except  in  the  horizontal 
position  in  test  4/13.  The  blood  pressure  in  the 
horizontal  position  increased  from  6  to  10  mm. 
of  Hg.,  but  the  heart  was  unable  to  maintain  the 
rise  in  the  vertical  position,  with  the  result  that 
there  is  not  only  a  decrease  in  the  blood  pressure 
in  the  vertical  position,  as  compared  with  the 
horizontal  position,  but  also  it  is  lower  than  the 
pressure  in  the  vertical  position  before  smoking, 
except  in  test  3/30.  This  proves  conclusively 
that  there  was  a  loss  of  vaso-motor  control. 

In  addition  to  the  heart  rate  and  blood  pres- 
sure changes  registered  in  the  tables,  it  is  proper 
that  mention  should  be  made  of  the  fact  that  the 
subject  suffered  from  a  headache  which  lasted 
the  greater  part  of  the  evening. 


NORMAL  ' 

TESTS 

Mr.  B.- 

-Non-Smoker 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Ver 

Date  Time 

H.K, 

B.P. 

H.B. 

B.P. 

H.R. 

B.r. 

H.R. 

I. 

3/31 

7:15 

76 

114 

88 

110 

7:50 

76 

112 

92 

110 

0 

-2 

4 

II. 

4/1 

6:55 

70 

115 

88 

115 

7:45 

70 

110 

84 

111 

0 

-5 

-4 

III. 

4/3 

7:40 

*76 

110 

92 

114 

8:15 

68 

116 

88 

109 

-8 

6 

-4 

IV. 

4/7 

7:10 

80 

122 

92 

124 

7:40 

76 

124 

88 

124 

-4 

2 

-4 

« 

Cold 

in  head. 

B.P. 
0 

-4 
-5 


HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE    37 

CIGAR  TESTS 

Mr.  B.  Difference 

Hor.  Vert.  Hor.  Vert. 

Date  Time  h.r.  b.p,     h.r.  b.p.  h.r.  b.p.     h.r.  b.p. 

I.  4/6     3:45  76     122       88     117 

4:40  80     131     100     116  4         9       12      -1 

II.  4/14   7:00  72     120       96     121 

7:40  88     133     104     123  10       13         8         2 

III.  4/15    7:15  76     122       96     124 

8:05  88     126     108     116  12         4       12      -8 

IV.  4/16   6:45  80     121       88     122 

7:20  88     129     104     124  8         8       16         2 

CONCLUSIONS  FROM  TESTS  TAKEN  ON  MR.  B. 

The  normal  chart  of  Mr.  B.  shows  a  general 
decrease  in  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure.  In 
the  third  test  of  this  series  the  subject  complained 
of  having  a  cold,  which  may  account  for  the  re- 
sults shown  here.  In  view  of  this  fact,  it  may  be 
well  to  leave  this  record  out  of  the  consideration. 

The  result  of  the  tests  taken  during  the  smok- 
ing period  show  results  similar  to,  but  not  as 
severe  as  those  of  Mr.  A.  The  effect  on  the  heart 
was  to  accelerate  an  already  high  rate,  and  in  the 
horizontal  position  the  blood  pressure  shows  an 
increase.  In  the  vertical  position  the  blood 
pressure  is  the  same  or  lower  after  smoking. 

Comparing  the  blood  pressure  in  the  vertical 
position  with  the  blood  pressure  in  the  horizon- 
tal, it  is  found  that  there  is  a  decided  drop,  the 
greatest  being  16mm.  in  the  first  test,  which  was 
taken  on  the  afternoon  of  April  6th,  soon  after 
dinner. 


38       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

If  the  deduction  used  throughout  this  test — 
that  there  is  a  lower  blood  pressure  in  the  ver- 
tical position  than  in  the  horizontal — be  true, 
the  effect  of  smoking  was  to  aggravate  an  already 
poor  condition. 

In  all  the  tests  the  increase  in  heart  rate  and 
the  lower  pressure  in  the  vertical  than  in  the 
horizontal  position,  would  argue  that  there  was 
a  loss  of  vaso-motor  control. 

This  subject  felt  no  ill  effects  from  the 
smoking. 

NORMAL  TESTS 
Mr.  C. — Non- Smoker  Difference 

Hor.     Vert.        Hor.     Vert. 
Date  Time    h.r.  b.p.  h.k.  b.p.     h.e.  b.p.  h.k.  b.p. 

I.  3/31  7:10  60  114  76  114 

7:40  56  112  76  116      -4-2    0    2 

II.  4/2  7:10  64  111  72  113 

7:40  60  110  64  109     -4  -1  -8  -4 

III.  4/3  7:35  64  115  76  114 

8:10     60  112   76  115     -4-3    0    1 

IV.  4/6  4:10     60  115   76  114 

4:40     60  111   88  110       0  -4   12  -4 

SMOKING  TESTS 

Mr.  C. — Non- Smoker  Difference 

Hor.  Vert.  Hor.  Vert. 

Date  Time  h.r.  b.p.     h.e.  b.p.  h.b.  b.p.     h.r.  b.p. 

I.  4/6     7:35  *68  113  84  114 

8:30  72  116  92  105       4    3    8  -9 

II.  4/9  7:05  t68  116  84  110 

7:35  72  119  84  109       4    3    0  -1 

III.  4/13  7:15  t64  114  84  118 

7:55     64  111   84  112       0-3    0-6 

IV.  4/15   7:40  t64     118       88     120 

8:10  64     116       80     127  0-2-8         7 

*  One  cigar, 
t  Two  cigarettes. 
:|:  Three  cigarettes. 


HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE  39 

CONCLUSIONS  FROM  TESTS  TAKEN  ON  MR.  C. 

Mr.  C.'s  blood  pressure  and  heart  rate  re- 
mained the  same  or  decreased  during  the  time  he 
stayed  in  the  room  but  did  not  smoke.  I  cannot 
account  for  the  increase  in  heart  rate  in  the  ver- 
tical position,  test  4/G,  unless  perhaps  it  was  due 
to  the  subject  having  to  stand  for  a  longer  period 
than  was  usual,  while  I  was  opening  the  door  of 
the  room  to  admit  another  subject. 

The  first  cigar  this  subject  smoked  so  nau- 
seated him  that  he  refused  to  continue  the  tests 
unless  he  was  permitted  to  smoke  the  milder  cig- 
arette, and  for  this  reason  a  complete  series  of 
cigar  tests  could  not  be  obtained. 

The  one  test  taken,  in  which  the  subject 
smoked  a  cigar,  shows  all  the  characteristics  of  a 
dilation  of  the  vessels  of  the  splanchnic  area, 
viz. :  increased  heart  rate,  horizontal  and  vertical, 
and  increased  blood  pressure  in  the  horizontal 
position,  followed  by  a  sharp  drop  in  pressure  on 
resuming  the  vertical  position.  The  sum  of  the 
result  is  that  there  was  a  loss  of  vaso-motor 
control. 

The  cigarettes  apparently  did  not  affect  the 
subject  to  a  noticeable  extent,  except  to  cause  a 
slight  headache. 

In  discussing  this  thesis  with  this  subject, 
some  time  after  the  tests  were  taken,  he  remarked 


40       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


that  the  tests  should  have  been  taken  again, 
within  an  hour  after  he  had  left  the  experiment 
room.  Apparently  the  full  effects  did  not  take 
place  until  some  time  after  he  had  stopped 
smoking. 


NORMAL  TESTS 

Mr.  D.- 

-Non- Smoker 

Difference 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Hor. 

Vert. 

Date  Time 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.R.    B.P. 

H.R.    B.P, 

I. 

3/30 

7:10 

72     122 

84     120 

7:45 

68     120 

88     115 

-4      -2 

4      -£ 

II. 

4/2 

7:15 

68     123 

80     119 

7:45 

60     116 

76     117 

-8     -7 

-4      -2 

III. 

4/3 

7:00 

64     122 

80     120 

7:45 

60     118 

68     111 

-4      -4 

—  12      — £ 

IV. 

4/6 

3:35 

60     114 

84     114 

4:20 

60     120 

84     118 

0         6 

0         4 

SMOKING  TESTS 
Mr.  D. — Non-Smoker 


Difference 


I.  4/6 
II.  4/9 


III. 


IV. 


Date  Time 
7:40 
8:25 
7:10 
7:40 
7:20 
7:55 
6:25 
6:40 


4/15 
4/16 


Hor 

H.R 

*76 

84 
t76 

84 
t68 

68 
t64 

64 


B.P. 

124 
131 
120 
120 
123 
124 
124 
122 


Vert. 

H.R.    B.P. 


Hor. 

H.R.    B.: 


Vert. 

H.R.     B.P. 


92 

100 
92 
96 


76 
76 


120 
116 
116 
118 
126 
124 
127 
128 


0 


*  One  cigar.     Nauseated-headache. 

t  Three  cigarettes. 

J  Two  cigarettes.     Nauseated-headache. 

CONCLUSIONS  FROM  TESTS  TAKEN  ON  MR.  D. 

The  tendency  of  the  results  of  the  normal  tests 
is  to  show  a  decrease  in  heart  rate  and  blood 
pressure.     The  exceptions  occur  in  test  3/30,  in 


HEART  RATE  AND  BLOOD  PRESSURE    41 

wMch  the  heart  rate  in  the  vertical  position  in- 
creased 4  beats  and  in  test  4/6,  in  which  the  blood 
pressure  increased  in  both  the  horizontal  and 
vertical  positions.  According  to  this  the  condi- 
tions were  favorable  to  the  subject. 

If,  however,  the  greater  range  of  heart  rate  and 
blood  pressure  are  considered,  the  conditions  are 
unfavorable,  since  in  test  3/30  there  is  a  greater 
difference  in  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure  at  the 
end  of  the  period  and  in  test  4/3  the  difference 
in  blood  pressure  is  greater. 

This  subject  also  objected  to  the  cigar  test  be- 
cause of  nausea  it  caused,  and  after  the  test  taken 
on  4/6  cigarettes  were  used. 

The  one  cigar  test  taken  shows  the  rise  in  heart 
rate  and  the  rise  in  blood  pressure  in  the  hori- 
zontal position,  followed  by  a  fall  of  pressure  in 
the  vertical  position,  which  is  characteristic  of 
the  tests  taken  on  the  other  novices. 

As  in  the  case  of  the  other  non-smoker,  on 
whom  cigarette  tests  were  made,  there  were  no 
changes  of  a  serious  character. 


PART  II 

EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING  ON  THE  EETURN 

OF  THE  HEART  RATE  TO  NORMAL 

AFTER  EXERCISE 

Experimenital  Work  by 

GLENN  A.  BOWLING 

International  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  College, 

Springfield,  Mass.,  1916 


II 


Effects  of  Smoking  on  the  Return  of  the 
Heart  Rate  to  Normal  After  Exercise 

As  a  result  of  Ms  experimental  work,  Mr. 
Payne  concluded  that  the  control  of  the  heart 
was  seriously  impaired  by  smoking.  This  was 
shown  by  a  higher  heart  rate  in  smokers,  but 
Payne  also  noticed,  though  lie  had  no  figures  to 
establish  his  observation,  that  the  smokers'  hearts 
seemed  more  irregular  and  more  subject  to  dis- 
tracting influences  than  those  of  the  non-smokers. 
This  suggested  that  the  smoker's  heart  might  be 
more  affected  by  exercise  than  the  non-smoker's 
heart,  and  that  it  might  not  return  to  normal 
after  exercise  as  quickly  as  that  of  the  non- 
smoker.  Mr.  Glenn  A.  Dowling  addressed  him- 
self to  a  definite  study  of  this  problem. 

Fifteen  men  were  chosen  for  this  work,  seven 
of  whom  were  non-smokers  and  eight  classed  as 
smokers,  although  smoking  only  three  or  four 
times  per  day.  These  latter  we  would  then  class 
as  moderate  smokers. 

These  men  were  all  young  and  healthy,  taking 
vigorous  exercise  each  afternoon.    Having  supper 

45 


46       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

at  six,  thev  came  to  the  smoking  laboratory  a 
short  time  after  thev  had  eaten.  They  were  asked 
to  rest  for  several  minutes  after  arriving  in  the 
room,  in  order  to  produce  normal  conditions  of 
the  heart  rate  after  the  exercise  of  coming  to  the 
laboratory. 

With  the  non-smokers  the  heart  rate  was  taken 
for  a  full  minute  by  palpitation  on  the  radial 
artery  at  the  wrist.  Immediately,  they  took  20 
jumps  over  a  bar  18  inches  from  the  floor  at  the 
rate  of  80  jumps  per  minute,  a  metronome  being 
used  to  beat  time.  This  was  to  insure  a  similar 
dosage  for  each  subject.  After  this  exercise  the 
heart  rate  was  again  taken,  but  only  for  15  sec- 
onds. Following  this  the  heart  rate  for  the  first 
15  seconds  of  each  succeeding  minute  was  taken, 
or  until  the  heart  rate  had  returned  to  normal. 
The  number  of  minutes,  namely  15,  for  extending 
the  taking  of  the  heart  rate  was  entirely  arbi- 
trary. It  was  impossible  for  students  having 
several  hours  of  studying  to  do  in  the  same  even- 
ing, to  remain  longer  than  an  hour  and  tAventy 
or  thirty  minutes,  which  was  usually  the  time 
taken  to  smoke  two  cigars  and  complete  the  ex- 
periment. This  procedure  for  the  non-smokers 
continued  through  five  or  more  experiments,  in 
order  to  get  a  normal  return  of  the  heart  rate 
after  a  controlled  amount  of  exercise  had  been 
given.     Then  the  same  procedure  was  repeated 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE        47 

with  non-smokers  for  at  least  five  experiments, 
in  most  cases  ten,  except  that  they  were  required 
to  smoke  two  cigars  after  their  normal  heart  rate 
had  been  taken. 

With  the  smokers  we  proceeded  as  in  the  latter 
half  of  the  non-smokers'  tests,  i.  e.,  normal  heart 
rate  for  full  minute,  smoke  two  cigars,  heart  rate 
for  first  fifteen  seconds  of  each  succeeding  min- 
ute, or  until  heart  rate  returned  to  normal. 
When  these  men  had  smoked  for  ten  tests  they 
discontinued  all  smoking  for  a  period  of  two 
weeks  or  longer,  after  which  the  same  procedure 
was  followed  as  at  first  with  the  non-smokers, 
i.  e.,  normal  heart  rate  etc.,  without  the  smoking 
of  two  cigars. 

With  these  conditions  of  the  test,  comparisons 
may  be  made  between  smokers  and  non-smokers, 
between  the  condition  of  smokers  when  they 
smoked  and  when  normal,  between  conditions  of 
non-smokers  when  they  smoked  and  when 
normal. 

For  this  work  a  good  quality  ten-cent  cigar  of 
medium  color  was  used  throughout. 

An  outline  of  the  procedure  is  here  given,  in 
order  to  show  more  graphically  what  was  done. 

As  before,  the  first  letters  of  the  alphabet.  A, 
B,  C,  etc.,  represent  the  non-smokers  and  the 
later  letters  represent  smokers. 


4.S       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

OUTLINE  OF  PROCEDURE 

Non-Smokers 

Without  Smoking.    For  five  tests. 

1.  Arrival  at  laboratory. 

2.  A  rest  of  several  minutes. 

3.  Horizontal  heart  rate  for  full  minute. 

4.  Twenty  jumps  over  bar  18  inches  from  floor. 

5.  Heart  rate  for  first  15  seconds  of  each  min- 
ute following,  up  to  the  15th,  or  until  heart  rate 
returns  to  normal. 

Smoking.    For  five  to  ten  tests. 

1.  Arrival  at  laboratorv. 

2.  Kest  for  several  minutes. 

3.  Normal  heart  rate  taken. 

4.  Smoke  two  cigars. 

5.  Tw^enty  jumps  over  bar  18  inches  from  floor. 

6.  Heart  rate  for  first  15  seconds  of  each  min- 
ute following,  up  to  the  15th,  or  until  heart  rate 
had  returned  to  normal. 

Smokers 

Smoking.    For  five  to  ten  tests. 

1.  Arrival  at  laboratory. 

2.  Kest  of  several  minutes. 

3.  Normal  heart  rate  taken. 

4.  Smoke  two  cigars. 

5.  Twenty  jumps  over  bar  18  inches  from  floor. 

6.  Heart  rate  for  first  15  seconds  of  each  min- 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE 


49 


ute  following,  up  to  the  15tli,  or  until  heart  rate 

returned  to  normal. 

Without  smoking.    For  five  tests. 

After  discontinuing  smoking  for  two  weeks. 

1.  Arrival  at  laboratory. 

2.  Rest  of  several  minutes. 

3.  Normal  heart  rate  taken. 

4.  Twenty  jumps  over  bar  18  inches  from  floor. 

5.  Heart  rate  for  first  15  seconds  of  each  min- 
ute following,  up  to  the  15th,  or  until  heart  rate 
returned  to  normal. 

The  series  of  observations  taken  on  Mr.  B.,  a 
non-smoker,  follow  as  an  example  of  the  data  col- 
lected. The  complete  collection  of  individual 
tables  will  be  found  in  the  appendix  to  Part  XL 


Mr.  B. 


Time  in 

H. 

,  R.  for 

Condi- 

Hr. of  ex- 

Normal 

min.  taken  1st  15  sec. 

Date 

tion 

periment 

H.  R. 

to  smoke 

of  1st  min. 

1-14-15 

Good 

7.15 

84 

35 

1-18-15 

" 

8.15 

82 

34 

1-30-15 

t< 

8.00 

72 

36 

2-  2-15 

(< 

8.00 

81 

32 

2-  4-15 

(( 

8,10 

82 

36 

2-  8-15 

a 

7.25 

96 

36 

Average 

82.6 

34.8 

2-19-15 

7.10 

80 

69 

39 

3-  8-15 

7.20 

78 

68 

32 

4-15-15 

7.00 

74 

50 

33 

4-21-15 

7.00 

80 

54 

32 

4-23-15 

1.15 

98* 

59 

39 

Average  82  60 

*  Had  been  exercising  quite  \'igorously  half  hour  before. 


50        PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes 

Min.  H.R.  re- 
turned normal. 
2       3       4       5       6       7    8    9    10    11    12    13    14    15 

26  21  25  24  20  21  7 
22  20  20  21  20  3 
30  19  18  18  18  4 
22  21  20  20  20  4 
19     21     22     22     21     21                                                                3 

27  26     25     24     24     24  5 

Average  5 . 2 

21  18  20  20  20  20  4 

22  21  20  21  21  21  19  20  19  19  8 
25  25  24  24  23  24  23  23  24  23  23  24  23  * 
24  22  23  23  22  25  23  22  21  22  22  21  22  23  * 
30  28  27  27  26  26  26  26  26  26  26     26     26  26   * 

Average  11.4 

*  Heart  rate  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute. 

The  above  table  may  be  made  visible  by  averag- 
ing the  rate  for  the  first  15  seconds  of  each  suc- 
cessive minute  and  plotting  as  in  the  following 
chart. 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE        51 


O 


01 


^ 


,,  NORMAL  H.R. 
81  FOR  15  SEC, 


«8 

<es 

"* 

s^ 

sc 

^j 

^^ 

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sa 

^ 

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» ^t 

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^ 

1 

73 

• 

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0 

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0 

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0 

m 

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0 

z 

CO 

c 

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0 
m 

in 

< 

m 

z 

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^ 

^^ 

^^ 

^ 

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2 

X 

f 

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A 

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1 
1 

6 

s 

s 

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7 

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8 

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1 
1 

10 

1 
i 
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1  i 

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y 

12 

i 
1 

13 

I 

1 

1 

14 

1 

L 

15 

52       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


In  this  manner  193  experiments  were  con- 
ducted on  15  men  as  indicated  in  the  following 
table : 

NUMBER  OF  TESTS  TAKEN 
Non-Smokers  Without  Smoking        Smoking 


A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
G 


10 
5 
10 
10 
5 
5 
5 


Smokers 
X 
Y 
Z 
M 
N 
S 
T 
W 


37 

6 

5 
6 
5 
5 

2 
5 
5 


50     Total  87 

10 
10 
10 
10 
10 

2 

6 
10 


38 


68     Total  106 


193 
The  general  tables  of  averages  and  comparisons  will  show  the 

TABLES  OF  AVERAGES  AND  COMPARISONS 

Table  I. — When  men  did  not  smoke 

H.  R.  average  of 
Average  of  individual   man 

individual  for  1st  15  sec. 

man's  H.  R.  of  1st  min.  after 


exercise. 

A 

80.8 

36 

B 

82.6 

34.8 

C 

79.2 

38 

D 

90.5 

37.2 

E 

72 

34 

F 

71.2 

33.6 

G 

73.8 

34.4 

Average 


78.6 


35.1 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE 


53 


H. 

R.  average  of 

Average  of 

individual  man 

individual 

for  1st  15  sec. 

man's  H.  R. 

of 

1st  min.  after 

exercise. 

X 

88 

35 

Y 

80 

35.8 

Z 

78.8 

36.6 

M 

71.4 

35.4 

N 

73.8 

34.6 

S 

88 

40 

T 

85.8 

32 

W 

85.8 

34.8 

Average 


81.5 


35.5 


Table  I  shows  the  average  heart  rate  of  all  the 
men  when  normal,  that  is,  not  smoking. 

The  average  normal  heart  rate  for  non-smokers 
is  78.6  beats  per  minute,  while  for  the  smoker  it 
is  81.5  beats  per  minute,  demonstrating  that  the 
heart  rate  of  smokers  is  higher  than  that  of  non- 
smokers. 

This  conclusion  verifies  conclusion  4  of  J.  W. 
Payne's  study  of  1914,  to  the  effect  that  cigar 
smoking  increases  heart  rate. 

The  average  heart  rate  for  the  first  15  seconds 
of  the  first  minute  after  exercise  when  not  smok- 
ing, for  non-smokers  is  35.1  beats,  for  smokers  is 
35.5  beats.  There  seems  to  be  no  decided  dif- 
ference between  non-smokers  and  smokers  when 
not  smoking,  as  to  the  height  of  increase  of  heart 
rate  for  the  first  minute  after  exercise. 


54       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


TABLE  II. — When  men  smoked 


Non-Smokers 


A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
G 


Nor.  average 
H.  R.  before 
smoking 

83.8 

82 

81.8 

87.3 

64.2 

84.2 

73.8 


Time  in  min. 
taken  to 
smoke 

63.6 

60 

59.5 

59.9 

58.4 

61.2 

60.2 


H.  R.  for  1st 

15  sec.  of  1st 
min.  after 
exercise 

34.9 

35 

39.8 

39.4 

33.8 

33.9 

33.2 


Average 

79.6 

60.4 

35.7 

Smokers 

X 

79.7 

62.2 

36.6 

Y 

78.9 

61.2 

34.5 

Z 

72.2 

59.1 

38.3 

M 

76.5 

59.2 

35.2 

N 

80.2 

60.4 

39.2 

S 

88.5 

60 

44 

T 

89.2 

60.2 

37 

W 

86.6 

60.7 

35.3 

Average 


81.5 


60.4 


37.5 


Table  II  shows  the  average  heart  rate  of  all  the 
men  when  they  smoked. 

During  this  period  of  time,  when  the  non- 
smokers  smoked,  we  find  an  increase  of  heart 
rate  of  one  beat  per  minute  as  compared  with  the 
period  Avhen  they  did  not  smoke.  This  also 
proves  that  smoking  increases  the  heart  rate.  We 
also  find  the  heart  rate  of  non-smokers  lower  than 
that  of  the  habitual  smoker. 

The  average  length  of  time  for  both  groups  to 
smoke  two  cigars  was  60.4  minutes. 

The  heart  rate  for  the  first  15  seconds  of  the 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE 


55 


first  minute  after  exercise  for  smokers  was  1.8 
beats  higher  than  for  non-smokers.  Multiplying 
this  rate  by  four  to  get  the  rate  for  a  whole  min- 
ute in  order  to  compare  with  normal  heart  rate, 
we  find  that  the  heart  rate  for  the  first  minute 
after  exercise  in  relation  to  the  normal  heart  rate 
is  correspondingly  greater  by  5.5  beats  for 
smokers  than  for  non-smokers.  Therefore  the 
statement  can  be  made  that  the  heart  rate  of 
smokers  after  exercise  is  higher  than  non- 
smokers. 

TABLE  III 

Time  required  for  heart  rate  to  return  to  normal  after  exercise. 


NON- 

Smokeks 

A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
G 


Without  Out  of  the  86  experiments 

Smoking,  i.e  Smoking  from    which     these   figures 

Normal  are    taken — 49    tests    with 

6.8  6.9  smoking — in  37  of  the  tests 

5.2  11.4  with    smoking,    the    heart 

4.4  15  rate  did  not  return  to  nor- 

6.7  13.9  mal,  but  inasmuch  as  H.  R. 
4  15  was  taken  only  until  the 
4  15  15th    minute,  the   number 

3.8  13.2  15  was  used  in  averaging. 


Average 

5 

12.9 

Smokers 

. 

Xj 

5.2 

15 

Out  of  103  experiments — 

Y 

5.6 

7.4 

65  smoking,   in  39   H.   R. 

Z 

6.4 

14.4 

did  not  return  to  normal  in 

M 

4.2 

9.5 

15  minutes,  so  15  was  taken 

N 

5.4 

11.2 

for  averaging. 

S 

5 

15 

T 

6.16 

13.5 

W 

4.6 

10 

Average 


5.2 


12 


56       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

Table  III  shows  a  comparison  of  the  minutes 
at  which  the  heart  rate  returned  to  normal  when 
men  did  not  smoke  and  when  they  did  smoke. 

Out  of  118  experiments  when  the  men  smoked, 
the  heart  rate  in  74  increased  and  failed  to  return 
to  normal  after  exercise  within  15  minutes.  This 
is  a  percentage  of  62.72. 

Non-smokers  smoked  50  times.  Out  of  this 
number  36  increased  in  heart  rate  and  did  not 
return  to  normal  in  15  minutes.  This  is  a  per- 
centage of  72. 

Smokers  smoked  68  times.  Out  of  this  number 
38  increased  in  heart  rate  and  failed  to  return 
to  normal  in  15  minutes.  This  is  a  percentage  of 
55.80. 

For  non-smokers  not  smoking,  the  average  re- 
turn of  the  heart  rate  to  normal  after  exercise 
was  5  minutes.  With  smoking  the  average  return 
to  normal  was  12.9  minutes,  averaging  X  as  15 
minutes  (X  indicating  that  heart  rate  had  not 
returned  to  normal  within  15  minutes,  which  was 
as  long  as  experiment  was  continued) . 

For  smokers  not  smoking  the  average  return 
of  the  heart  rate  to  normal  after  exercise  was  5.2 
minutes,  which  is  but  slightly  longer  than  for 
non-smokers.  When  smoking,  the  average  return 
to  normal  was  12  minutes. 

With  non-smokers  the  difference,  when  smok- 
ing and  not  smoking,  of  the  average  minutes  that 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE         57 

the  heart  rate  returned  to  normal,  was  7.9  min- 
utes. With  the  smoker  the  difference  was  6.8 
minutes.  This  shows  that  smoking  caused  the 
heart  to  work  longer  to  accomplish  a  given 
amount  of  w^ork. 

The  fact  that  there  was  a  difference  of  6.8  min- 
utes with  smokers  in  the  average  return  of  the 
heart  rate  to  normal  after  exercise  when  smoking 
and  not  smoking,  shows  that  a  man  has  become 
habituated  to  tobacco  smoking  psychologically, 
yet  physiologically  his  system  never  becomes  ac- 
customed to  it,  to  the  extent  that  it  is  not 
affected. 

TABLE  IV 

This  table  shows  a  comparison  of  the  average  normal  H.  R.  and 
the  average  increased  H.  R.  for  the  15th  minute  in  all  those  cases 
of  smoking  where  the  heart  rate  after  exercise  had  not  returned  to 
normal  at  15th  minute. 


OQ 

1 

o  -s 

■-3  a 
-2^ 

«2 

O 
in 

.§     . 

0  43 

or.  H.  R.  of 

V  of  times  in- 
1  in  column  1. 

f-t  -d 
S,  o 

-  a 

1 

etween   what 
svas  for  whole 
min.  and  nor. 

6 

.3  S 

1=1 

"a 

Av.  N 
numbe: 
dicated 

l"a 

6 
12; 

-^  ••5 

43  Ph  ^ 

A 

2 

10 

75 

21 

84 

9 

B 

3 

5 

84 

23.3 

93.4 

9.4 

C 

10 

10 

81.8 

23.9 

95.6 

13.8 

D 

7 

10 

85 

23.3 

93.4 

8.4 

E 

6 

5 

64.2 

20.2 

80.8 

16.6 

F 

5 

5 

84.2 

23 

92 

7.8 

G 

4 

5 

72.7 

21.7 

86.8 

14.1 

Total 

36 

50 

Average 

78.1 

22.4 

89.4 

11.3 

58       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


=5  a 

o 

to 

o 

a 

or,   H,  R.   of 

r  of  times  in- 
in  column  1. 

o  d 

I    what 

whole 

nd  nor. 

m 
o 

a 

§  ^  2 

O  -^J 
??1    M 

OJ    o 

OQ 
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^     02.S 
OJ    >    R 

O 

£  s  a 

2|3 

•  a  '^ 

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-s 

05  Ph  "5 

6 

11:2 

Z    OQ 

>  d.2 

Isl 

<1  S 

6 

o  W  o 

X 

9 

10 

79.2 

22.8 

91.2 

12 

Y 

2 

10 

76 

20.5 

82.0 

6 

Z 

9 

10 

72.2 

20.1 

80.4 

8.4 

M 

3 

10 

71.3 

19.7 

78.8 

7.5 

N 

4 

10 

76 

22 

88 

12 

S 

2 

2 

88.5 

24.5 

98.0 

9.5 

T 

5 

6 

87.4 

28.2 

112.8 

25.4 

W 

4 

10 

80.7 

22.5 

90 

9.3 

Total 

38 

68 

Average 

78.9 

22.5 

90 

11.1 

Total 

74 

118 

Table  IV  shows  after  exercise  that  the  average 
heart  rate  for  the  15th  minute  in  72  j)er  cent  of 
the  tests  when  non-smokers  smoked  was  11.3 
beats  per  minute  higher  than  normal. 

In  55.8  per  cent  of  the  cases  when  smokers 
smoked  the  average  heart  rate  in  the  15th  minute 
w^as  11.1  beats  per  minute  higher  than  normal. 

In  this  comparison  of  normal  heart  rate  and 
increased  heart  rate  after  exercise  there  seems 
to  be  but  little  difference  between  smokers  and 
non-smokers.  Out  of  118  tests  when  both 
smokers  and  non-smokers  smoked,  the  heart  rate 
increased  in  74  tests  or  62.72  per  cent  and  at  the 
15th  minute  had  not  returned  to  normal. 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE         59 

This  average  increase  at  the  15th  minute  was 
11.2  beats  per  minute  higher  than  at  normal. 

The  total  general  effect  of  smoking  in  delaying 
the  return  of  the  heart  rate  to  normal  after  exer- 
cise may  be  shown  by  averaging  the  heart  rate 
for  each  15  seconds  for  each  man  and  then  getting 
the  grand  average  for  each  group.  This  is  done 
in  Table  V  and  the  general  result  is  visualized  by 
plotting  for  the  groups  as  was  done  in  the  case 
of  Mr.  B. 

The  table  and  chart  for  smokers  would  be 
almost  identically  the  same  as  the  above  and  is 
therefore  omitted.  It  should  be  noted  that  this 
curve  hardly  portrays  the  true  significance  of 
the  delayed  return  since  the  averages  before 
smoking  are  often  taken  from  individual  cases. 
These  individual  cases  are  frequently  nearly  as 
high  as  after  smoking.  The  true  picture  of  the 
situation  lies  in  the  few  cases  that  failed  to  return 
to  normal  after  seven  minutes  before  smoking 
and  the  large  number  that  failed  to  return  to 
normal  after  fifteen  minutes  after  smoking. 

CONCLUSIONS 

i^"^  I.  Smokers  have  a  normal  heart  rate  higher 
than  non-smokers. 
,  ^     II.  Smoking  causes  a  delay  in  the  return  of  the 
heart  rate  to  normal  after  exercise.     As  evi- 


60       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


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HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE 


61 


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■  ^ 

»  ^ 

s^ 

M   ^ 

S 

1 

2 

'H.R.for  1st  15 sec.  of  Each  Successive  Min 

r, 
1 

' 

^ 

^^ 

^ 

^5 

•   ■ 

^ 

^ 

■^ 

/ 

/ 

3 

\ 
\ 

1 

4. 

\ 
\ 

5 

/ 

/ 

\ 
1 

6 

\ 

^ 

/ 

7 

\ 

i 

\ 
1 

8 

\ 

\ 

\ 

9 

) 

y 

I 

1 

!0 

/ 

/ 

/ 

1 
1 

il 

A 

1 
1 

12 

\ 

\ 

13 

I 

\ 

\4- 

i 

1 
i 

LI 

15 

H.R. 
SEC 


c 

2 

O 

;^ 
a 

CD 


C 

c 
a 

a 
> 
o 


62       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

denced  in  this  study,  this  delay  is  7.9  minutes 
for  non-smokers  and  6.8  minutes  for  smokers. 

III.  Equilibrium  of  heart  rate  is  not  estab- 
lished in  habitual  smokers,  i.  e.,  the  body  does 
not  become  accustomed  to  smoking,  for  there  is 
but  a  slight  difference  in  the  length  of  time  of  the 
return  of  the  heart  rate  to  normal  between 
smokers  and  non-smokers. 

ly.  To  the  writer  the  most  important  con- 
clusion as  shown  by  the  work  is  that : — 

(a)  In  74  tests  out  of  118  smoking  tests, 
or  62.72  per  cent,  the  heart  rate  was 
increased  and  did  not  return  to  normal 
at  the  15th  minute.  In  72  out  of  74 
tests  without  smoking,  97  per  cent  of 
all  the  tests  taken,  the  heart  rate  re- 
turned to  normal  in  less  than  fifteen 
minutes,  the  average  time  being  only 
five  minutes. 

(b)  The  average  heart  rate  at  the  15th 
minute  was  11.2  beats  greater  than 
the  average  normal  heart  rate. 

These  experiments  are  exceedingly  convincing. 
They  are  also  exceedingly  original.  They  show 
that  the  smoker  apparently  does  not  become 
habituated  to  the  use  of  tobacco,  that  exercise 
disturbs  him  more  than  the  non-smoker,  that 
physical  work  causes  more  of  a  disturbance  in 
organic  function  in  those  who  smoke  than  in 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE         63 

those  who  do  not.  Apparently,  therefore,  ath- 
letic coaches  have  been  wise  in  asking  their  ath- 
letes to  give  up  smoking  when  training.  We 
would  imagine  also  that  the  non-smoker,  other 
things  being  equal,  would  make  the  better  work- 
man, for  he  can  work  with  less  disturbance  lo 
organic  function. 

The  individual  detailed  tables  are  given  in  the 
appendix,  so  that  those  desiring  to  do  so  can  fol- 
low absolutely  every  detail  of  the  experiment. 
Attention  is  called  to  the  general  uniformity  and 
consistent  results  shown  by  the  tables. 


64       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


APPENDIX  TO  PART  II 

Tables  of  Individual  Data  with  Explanations    Mr.  A 


Date 
1-21-15 


Condi- 
tion 
Good 


Hr.  of  Ex- 
periment 
6.30 


Time  in 
Normal  mins.  taken 
H.R.      to  smoke 
90 


H.R.  for 

1st  15  sec. 
of  1st  min. 

42 


1-22-15 

6.30 

68 

30 

1-28-15 

7.15 

74 

40 

1-26-15 

7.00 

88 

33 

1-30-15 

6.50 

84 

35 

Average 

80.8 

36 

2-  4-15 

6.30 

70 

58 

32 

2-10-15 

6.30 

68 

61 

28 

2-16-15 

6.30 

98 

63 

35 

2-17-15 

6.50 

92 

71 

36 

2-19-15 

6.30 

90 

70 

32 

2-24-15 

6.40 

80 

68 

37 

2-25-15 

6.40 

84 

52 

40 

3-  2-15 

6.40 

89 

63 

39 

3-  3-15 

6.40 

83 

68 

35 

3-  4-15 

6.40 

84 

62 

35 

Average 


83.8 


63.6 


34.9 


H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 


6 


8      9       10     11     12     13 


20  23  23  23  22     23     22 

19  21  20  19  20     19     20     19     19     20     18     19 

21  22  21  24  21     20     22     21     19     19     19     19 
23  19  22  22  22 

20  22  21  21  21 


Min.  H.R. 
14  15  returns 
to  normal 
6 


19  20 
18  19 


* 

10 
4 
4 


Average 

20  19  20  21  20  21  20  20  19  18  18  20 
17  17  19  19  18  17  17 

27  25  24  24 

22  23  23  23  23 

21  22  22  22  22 
20  21  20  20 
24  23  25  25 

20  21  22  22  23  22 

21  23  21  22  23  20  21 
24  21  21  21 


19  19 


25  24  24  23  23  23  23  23  23  23 


6.8 

t 
7 
4 
4 
3 
3 

tt 
6 
8 
4 


Average  6 . 9 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute, 
t  Became  nauseated.  ft  Felt  rather  sick,  a  little  bit  dizzy. 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE 


65 


Mr.  B. 

See  tables  on  page  49 

Mr.  C. 

Time  in  H.R.  for 
Condi-       Hr.  of  Ex-        H.R.       mins.  taken  1st  15  sec. 

Date  tion  periment      Normal      to  smoke  of  1st  min. 

1-14-15  Good  6.30  82  37 

1-19-15  "  7.10  84  40 

1-21-15  "  7.00  80  36 

1-23-15  "  6.30  72  36 

1-27-15  "  7.15  78  41 


Average 

79.2 

38 

1-28-15 

" 

6.30 

76 

58 

45 

2-  2-15 

" 

6.30 

78 

61 

38 

2-  4-15 

ti 

6.30 

80 

63 

36 

2-  8-15 

Hard  Cold 

6.35 

88 

59 

41 

2-11-15 

Good 

[ 

6.30 

72 

60 

42 

2-16-15 

6.30 

90 

58 

41 

2-17-15 

6.30 

74 

56 

38 

2-24-15 

6.40 

84 

60 

38 

2-25-15 

7.00 

84 

58 

38 

3-  2-15 

7.00 

92 

62 

41 

Average 

81.  S 

) 

59.5 

39.8 

H.R.  for  first  Ic 

i  seconds  of  following  minutes: 

- 

Min,  H.R. 

2   3   4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9  : 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14  15 

returned  to 
normal 

28  22  21 

21 

21 

21 

4 

26  21  21 

21 

21 

3 

24  21  20 

20 

4 

23  21  20 

21 

21 

20 

19 

19 

8 

26  19  18 

18 

18 

3 

Average 

4.4 

25  25  25 

25 

25 

25 

24 

24 

23 

22 

22 

22 

22 

* 

23  22  22 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

22 

22 

24 

21 

24  23 

* 

26  24  22 

22 

22 

23 

23 

22 

23 

22 

23 

23 

24  23 

* 

25  26  25 

26 

25 

25 

24 

24 

24 

26 

25 

25 

24 

* 

21  22  23 

22 

23 

21 

23 

24 

23 

22 

23 

23 

24  23 

* 

26  27  26 

27 

26 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

25 

25 

25  25 

* 

22  21  23 

25 

24 

24 

24 

24 

23 

25 

24 

24 

23  24 

* 

25  25  24 

25 

25 

26 

25 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

25  25 

* 

24  23  24 

25 

26 

25 

24 

25 

25 

26 

25 

25 

24  25 

* 

26  23  23 

25 

25 

25 

25 

24 

25 

25 

26 

25 

25  25 

* 

Average 

*  H.  R.  had  not  returned 


*  or  15  min. 
to  normal  at  the  15th  minute. 


66       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Mr. 

D. 

Time  in 

H.R.  for 

Condi- 

Hr. 

of  Ex- 

Normal    mins.  taken 

1st  15  sec. 

Date 

tion 

periment 

H.R. 

to  smoke 

of  1st  min. 

1-14-15 

Good 

6 

i.30 

88 

32 

1-19-15 

" 

7 

.15 

89 

38 

1-22-15 

" 

7 

.00 

96 

42 

1-27-15 

" 

7 

.30 

94 

34 

1-28-15 

" 

7 

.00 

96 

42 

1-26-15 

" 

7 

.15 

80 

35 

Average 

90. t 

I 

37.2 

1-30-15 

" 

6 

.30 

80 

61 

34 

2-  2-15 

" 

7 

.00 

81 

60 

42 

2-  4-15 

" 

6 

.30 

84 

63 

40 

2-  8-15 

" 

6 

.45 

80 

58 

42 

2-10-15 

" 

6 

.30 

104* 

56 

40 

2-11-15 

" 

6 

.35 

94 

51 

41 

2-16-15 

" 

6 

.40 

90 

62 

39 

2-17-15 

'* 

6 

.30 

88 

70 

37 

2-25-15 

" 

6 

.35 

82 

61 

40 

3-  2-15 

" 

6 

.40 

90 

57 

39 

Average 

87.3 

59.9 

39.4 

*  Normal  H. 

R. 

was 

taken  several  times  and  at  intervals  of  three 

to  five  minutes  for  three  or 

four  times  without 

a  decrease 

in  H.R. 

H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes:              Min.  H.R. 

2      3      4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9    ] 

LO 

11    12 

13 

14    15     returned  to 

normal 

19    20    22 

22 

22 

22 

4 

20    24    21 

22 

21 

22 

5 

23    23    27 

26 

25 

24 

24 

7 

22    19    22 

23 

23 

24 

23 

23 

8 

27    22    23 

25 

26 

28 

23 

24 

24 

10 

18    17    19 

19 

20 

20 

6 

Average 

6.7 

23    20    21 

22 

19 

18 

21 

21 

21 

20    20 

11 

22    22    23 

23 

23 

23 

22 

23 

23 

22    23 

21 

21    22 

* 

23    22    23 

23 

22 

23 

23 

24 

25 

24    24 

23 

24    24 

* 

21    20    25 

23 

22 

22 

22 

22 

24 

21    21 

21 

22    22 

* 

22    23    24 

24 

23 

24 

24 

24 

24 

23    24 

24 

23    24 

t  Decrs. 

20    23    22 

23 

22 

22 

24 

23 

23 

23 

9 

23    26    26 

24 

24 

25 

24 

24 

25 

25    24 

24 

24    24 

* 

21    24    24 

25 

25 

25 

24 

25 

24 

25    24 

25 

24    25 

* 

22    24    23 

23 

24 

23 

23 

25 

24 

23    23 

23 

23    23 

* 

21    21    24 

24 

25 

24 

25 

24 

25 

25    25 

25 

25    25 

* 

Average 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute. 

t  Not  used  in  averaging  for  increase  of  H.R. 


13.9 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE 


67 


Mr.  E. 


Time  in 

H.R.  for 

Condi- 

Hr. of  Ex- 

Normal 

mins.  taken 

1st  15  sec. 

Date 

tion 

periment 

H.R. 

to  smoke 

of  1st  min. 

1-19-15 

Good 

6.30 

56 

33 

1-27-15 

" 

6.30 

70 

31 

1-28-15 

" 

7.00 

76 

35 

1-26-15 

" 

7.10 

72 

35 

2-  9-15 

" 

7.00 

86 

36 

Average 

72 

34 

2-11-15 

6.30 

70 

50 

34 

2-17-15 

7.30 

64 

59 

34 

3-  3-15 

7.00 

60 

63 

31 

4-  2-15 

7.00 

61 

58 

31 

4-  6-15 

1.35 

66 

62 

39 

Average  64 . 2  58 . 4 

H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 
2      3      4      5      6      7      8 


33.8 


15  14  15    16    14    14 

16  18  17    18 
19  19  19 

24  21  18    18 

16  21  21 


Min.  H.R. 
9    10    11    12    13    14    15      returned 

to  normal 
6 
4 
3 
4 
3 


Average 

4 

19  18  18 

20 

21 

21 

21 

21 

22 

19 

20 

20 

20 

20 

* 

15  17  19 

19 

19 

19 

20 

21 

19 

21 

20 

20 

20 

20 

* 

17  19  20 

20 

21 

20 

22 

22 

22 

21 

22 

21 

22 

22 

* 

15  16  18 

18 

18 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

* 

16  18  20 

20 

20 

20 

19 

21 

19 

21 

20 

20 

20 

20 

* 

Average  *  or  15 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute. 


68       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKIXG 


Mr.  F. 


Date 
1-21-15 
1-22-15 
1-26-15 
2-  9-15 
2-10-15 


Condi- 
tion 
Good 


Hr.  of  Ex- 
periment 

7.30 

7.00 

7.00 

6.30 

6.35 


Normal 
H.R. 
69 
72 
72 
65 
78 


Time  in       H.R.  for 
mins.  taken  1st  15  sec. 
to  smoke    of  1st  min. 
39 
36 
30 
31 
32 


Average 

71.2 

33.6 

Smoking 

2-17-15 

7.30 

86 

68 

33  ^ 

3-  3-15 

7.15 

80 

62 

35 

3-  4-15 

7.00 

77 

54 

32 

4-  2-15 

6.40 

92 

52 

36 

4-  6-15 

6.30 

86 

70 

33 

Average 


84.2 


61.2 


33.9 


H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 

Min.  H.R. 
2      3      4      5      6      7      8      9    10    11    12    13    14    15   returned  to 

normal 
19    18    17    17    16    17    17  4 

19  18  18  18  3 
18  18  18  3 
18    14    16    16                                                                                     4 

20  21    20    20  6 

Average  4 


17  22  24  22  22  24  24  23  23  24  23  24  23  24 
27  20  23  23  24  23  22  25  23  22  22  23  22  23 
25  20  19  21  20  21  20  21  20  22  21  20  21  21 
27  24  26  25  25  25  25  24  25  24  24  24  25  24 

18  23  24  22  22  23  24  23  24  23  24  23  24  23 


Average  *  or  15 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute. 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE 


69 


Mr.  G. 


Time  in 

H.R.  for 

Condi 

- 

Hr.  of  Ex- 

Normal   mins.  taken  1st  15  sec. 

Date 

tion 

periment 

H.R. 

to  smoke 

of  1st  min. 

1-22-15 

Good 

7.00 

77 

36 

1-28-15 

(< 

6.45 

64 

30 

1-26-15 

t( 

6.30 

72 

32 

2-  2-15 

i< 

6.30 

84 

38 

2-  2-15 

(( 

6.45 

72 

36 

Average 

73.8 

34.4 

2-  8-15 

i( 

6.30 

78 

60 

36 

2-11-15 

(( 

6.30 

78 

67 

32 

2-17-15 

Slight  cold 

6.30 

69 

56 

32 

3-  3-15 

Good 

6.30 

67 

59 

33 

3-30-15 

" 

6.30 

83 

65 

33 

Average 

73.8 

60.2 

33.2 

H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 

Min.  H.R. 

2      3      4 

5 

6 

7 

8      9 

10 

11    12 

13 

14    15 

returned  to 
normal 

19    19    19 

3 

17    16    16 

3 

17    15    16 

16 

17 

18 

18 

7 

22    21    21 

3 

22    18    18 

18 

3 

Average 

3.8 

23    25    23 

24 

24 

23 

23 

6 

19    21    21 

21 

21 

21 

21    21 

21 

21    21 

21 

21    21 

* 

20    20    22 

23 

21 

21 

23    22 

22 

22    21 

21 

21    21 

* 

21    20    21 

21 

21 

20 

21    21 

21 

20    22 

21 

21    21 

* 

24    24    22 

24 

24 

24 

24    24 

25 

24    24 

24 

24    24 

* 

Average  13.2 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute. 


70       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Mr.  X. 


" 

Time  in 

H.R.  for 

Cond] 

[- 

Hr.  of  Ex- 

Normal mins.  taken  1st  15  sec. 

Date 

tion 

periment 

H.R. 

to  smoke 

of  1st  min. 

1-18-15 

Good 

6.50 

70 

65 

40 

1-19-15 

" 

6.30 

59 

62 

40 

1-21-15 

11 

6.30 

88 

68 

39 

1-22-15 

" 

6.40 

92 

65 

36 

1-26-15 

" 

6.30 

84 

61 

33 

1-28-15 

" 

6.30 

96 

62 

36 

1-30-15 

f  ( 

6.30 

79 

58 

36 

2-  2-15 

<( 

6.30 

73 

56 

35 

2-  4-15 

" 

6.30 

78 

62 

35 

2-10-15 

" 

6.40 

78 

63 

36 

Average 

79.7 

62.2 

36.6 

3-  2-15 

" 

7.00 

80 

35 

3-  3-15 

" 

*6.35 

92 

34 

3-  8-15 

" 

6.30 

86 

39 

3-  9-15 

" 

6.30 

90 

40 

3-10-15 

" 

7.00 

96 

34 

Average 

88 

36.4 

*  Had  worked  hard. 

H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 

Min.  H.R. 

2   3   4 

5 

6 

7 

8   9 

10 

11  12 

13 

14  15 

returned  to 
normal 

21  22  20 

22 

19 

21 

22  21 

19 

23  20 

21 

19  19 

19  19  23 

21 

21 

22 

20  22 

22 

22  22 

22 

22  22 

23  26  25 

24 

25 

24 

25  24 

25 

25  25 

25 

25  25 

24  26  28 

26 

29 

26 

26  26 

25 

25  26 

26 

26  25 

28  24  23 

20 

19 

20 

20  20 

20 

20  20 

22 

21  21 

*Decrs 

32  28  28 

24 

24 

25 

24  26 

26 

26  26 

26 

25  25 

32  28  28 

24 

24 

24 

24  24 

26 

26  26 

26 

26  24 

20  24  24 

22 

22 

22 

22  20 

24 

23  21 

25 

23  22 

19  22  22 

22 

22 

22 

22  22 

22 

22  24 

21 

22  21 

23  25  24 

22 

22 

25 

23  24 

23 

24  23 

23 

23  23 

• 

Average 

15 

19  20  21 

21 

21 

21 

20  21 

21 

20  20 

5 

25  21  22 

23 

23 

6 

21  23  23 

21 

21 

5 

23  19  23 

22 

5 

23  22  24 

24 

4 

Average 

*  Not  used  in  averaging  for  increase  of  H.R. 


5.2 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE        71 


Mr.  Y. 


Date 

1-18-15 
1-19-15 
1-20-15 
1-21-15 
1-26-15 
1-28-15 
2-  2-15 
2-  4-15 
2-10-15 
2-12-15 


Condi- 
tion 
Good 


Hr.  of  Ex- 
periment 
7.50 
*7.15 


00 
00 
05 
10 


t7.00 


10 
20 
00 


Normal 
H.R. 
68 
64 
79 
79 
78 
80 
95 
88 
78 
80 


Time  in      H.R.  for 

mins.  taken  1st  15  sec. 

to  smoke    of  1st  min. 


63 
66 
62 
68 
59 
62 
55 
59 
56 
62 


34 
31 
35 
39 
34 
31 
35 
40 
35 
31 


Average 

78.9             61.2 

34.5 

4-20-15 

<i 

1 

.00 

81 

32 

4-23-15 

i( 

1 

.15 

73 

32 

4-26-15 

(( 

6 

.30 

82 

39 

4-27-15    Stomach-ache 

6 

.30 

79 

37 

4r-28-15 

Good 

6 

.30 

85 

39 

Average 

80 

35.8 

*Up  until  1.00  a 

m. 

t  Swimming  hard. 

H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  follo^ 

fvin 

g  minutes: 

Min.  H.R. 

2     3      4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12    13      14 

15 

returned  to 
normal 

22    19    17 

17 

17 

4 

22    21    18 

17 

17 

17 

18 

17 

17 

18 

17    19    17 

17 

* 

23    19    19 

19 

19 

19 

3 

20    21    23 

21 

21 

20 

20 

7 

26    23    23 

21 

20 

18 

19 

18 

19 

8 

22    19    20 

19 

19 

19 

19 

20 

19 

20 

20 

9 

23    24    24 

23 

24 

23 

4 

23    24    25 

23 

24 

23 

23 

24 

24 

23 

24    24    23 

24 

* 

19    20    19 

19 

4 

23    17    17 

19 

20 

19 

20 

6 

Average 

7.4 

18    19    19 

21 

20 

21 

5 

19    18    21 

18 

18 

5 

20    23    21 

21 

4 

24    22    22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

23 

23 

23    22    22 

23 

* 

23    21    21 

21 

22 

22 

21 

22 

22 

21 

22    21 

4 

Average 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute. 


5.6 


J2       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

Mr.  Z. 


Time  in 

H.R.  for  1st 

Condi- 

Hr. of  Ex- 

Normal 

mins.  taken  15  sec.  of 

Date 

tion 

periment 

H.R. 

to  smoke 

1st  15  min. 

1-19-15 

Good 

6.30 

57 

62 

33 

1-21-15 

6.50 

72 

65 

36 

1-22-15 

8.00 

70 

58 

45 

1-26-15 

6.30 

62 

62 

36 

1-28-15 

6.30 

73 

56 

42 

1-29-15 

6.30 

72 

61 

35 

2-  2-15 

6.35 

71 

53 

39 

2-  4-17 

7.00 

81 

58 

41 

2-11-15 

7.00 

88 

62 

40 

2-16-15 

6.25 

75 

61 

36 

Average 

72.2 

59.1 

38.3 

3-  8-15 

6.30 

78 

36 

3-  9-15 

6.30 

85 

42 

3-10-15 

6.30 

74 

35 

4-20-15 

1.15 

76 

34 

4-21-15 

1.00 

80 

36 

4-22-15 

1.15 

80 

35 

Average  78.8  36.6 

H.R.  for  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 

Min.  H.R. 
2      3     4      5      6      7      8      9    10    11    12    13    14    15      returned 

to  normal 

22  18  20  20  20  20  19  19  19  20  20  20  20  19     * 

17  17  17  17  18  19  19  18  18  18  6 

23  21  21  19  21  21  20  21  20  19  21  20  20  20     * 
16  18  20  19  19  19  19  19  19  20  19  20  19  19     * 

21  20  21  20  20  20  23  20  20  20  20  20  20  20     * 

18  21  21  19  19  19  20  20  19  19  20  19  17  17     * 

22  20  20  21  21  22  20  20  20  21  22  22  22  19     * 

22  19  23  24  23  23  23  23  23  23  21  22  21  21     * 

21  22  20  22  20  22  20  23  21  23  21  21  21  21     * 

23  20  22  21  21  21  22  22  23  22  23  23  24  23     * 

Average  14 . 4 

22  20  20  20  19  20  6 

20  21  21  21  3 

21  18  20  20  19  19  6 

20  20  19  19  4 

21  19  22  20  20                              6 
21  19  20  20 3 

Average  5 . 4 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute. 


HEART  RATE 

AFTER 

EXERCISE         73 

Mr.  M. 

rime  in 

H.R.  for 

Condi 

- 

Hr.  of  Ex- 

Normal 

mins.  taken  1st  15  sec. 

Date 

tion 

periment 

H.R. 

to  smoke 

of  1st  15 

min. 

1-18-15 

Good 

7.15 

78 

61 

29 

1-19-15 

7.00 

79 

67 

33 

1-21-15 

7.10 

92 

58 

40 

1-22-15 

7.00 

78 

55 

36 

1-27-15 

7.00 

80 

60 

34 

1-28-15 

7.00 

80 

65 

34 

1-29-15 

7. GO 

66 

62 

35 

1-30-15 

6.50 

74 

53 

36 

2-  4-15 

7.00 

74 

60 

40 

2-  8-15 

7.00 

74 

51 

35 

Average 

76.5 

59.2 

35.2 

3-  2-15 

7.00 

71 

31 

3-  3-15 

7.00 

78 

39 

4-20-15 

6.30 

68 

38 

4-18-15 

1.00 

72 

35 

4-21-15 

6.35 

68 

34 

Average 

71.4 

35.4 

H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 

Min.  H.R. 

2      3     4 

5 

6 

7 

8      9 

10 

11    12 

13 

14    15 

returned  to 
normal 

26    22    20 

19 

20 

18 

19 

6 

28    27    24 

22 

21 

19 

19    19 

19 

7 

30    26    27 

25 

23 

23 

23 

6 

25    21    21 

21 

20 

20 

19    20 

19 

19 

8 

23    20    21 

20 

19 

18 

21    20 

20 

20 

9 

22    21    22 

22 

20 

20 

6 

23    22    20 

22 

20 

20 

20    20 

20 

19    19 

19 

19    19 

* 

25    18    21 

23 

21 

19 

19    18 

19 

18    19 

18 

19 

9 

26    20    24 

20 

20 

20 

20    20 

20 

20    20 

20 

20    20 

* 

22    22    22 

22 

22 

22 

21    21 

20 

20    20 

20 

20    20 

* 

Average 

9.5 

18    18    19 

18 

18 

5 

23    20    19 

20 

4 

20    17    18 

17 

17 

5 

19    21    18 

18 

18 

4 

21    17    17 

17 

3 

Average  4 . 2 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  fifteenth  minute. 


74       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Mr.  N. 


Date 
1—18—16 
1—19—15 
1—28—15 
1—26—15 
1—22—15 
1—30—15 
2—  4—15 
2—19—15 
2—21—15 
2—25—15 


Condi- 
tion 
Good 


Hr.  of  Ex- 
periment 

7.30 

7.30 

7.00 

7.10 

6.50 

6.45 

7.10 

7.00 

7.30 

6.45 


Normal 
H.R. 
78 
80 
80 
88 
79 
79 
74 
71 
84 
89 


Time  in 
mins.  taken 
to  smoke 
61 
66 
60 
60 
61 
57 
62 
65 
63 
59 


H.R.  for 
1st  15  sec. 
of  1st  15 
min. 

40 

35 

46 

31 

38 

35 

46 

45 

42 

34 


Average 

80.2 

60.4 

39.2 

4—19—15 

1.15 

48  (?) 

31 

4—26—15 

1.30 

90 

37 

4—28—15 

1.30 

73 

34 

4—29—15 

1.30 

76 

35 

5—  2—15 

1.30 

82 

36 

Average 


73.8 


34.6 


H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 


2   3   4   5   6   7   8 


25 

28 

21 

21 

22 

23 

21 

19 

21 

18 

24 

23 

23 

23 

25 

18 

19 

20 

20 

20 

23 

20 

20 

21 

19 

22 

28 

27 

23 

24 

16 

17 

22 

21 

23 

16 

17 

22 

21 

22 

17 

18 

17 

22 

20 

20 

22 

21 

20 

22 

Min.  H.R. 

9  10  11  12  13  14  15  returned  to 

normal 

21  20  18  19  10 

19  21  20  9 

22  23  23  23  23  24  23  23  23     * 

20  20  20  20  20  20  20  20  20     fDecrs 

19  19  18  19  9 
24  23  24  23  22  24  25  26  25     * 

21  21  21  21  21  24  25  24  22     * 
21  23  21  21  23  21  22  21  22     * 

20  21  21  8 

21  22  21  22  6 


Average 

13  12  12  12 

21  24  24  23  23 

19  18  18  18  18 

23  17  20  21  19  19 

19  20  21  20  21  21 


11.2 

4 
5 
3 
6 
4 


Average 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute. 

t  Not  used  in  averaging  for  increase  of  H.R. 


5.4 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE        75 


Condi- 
Date  tion 
2-2-15             Good 
2-4-15 


Mr   S. 

H.R.  for 
Time  in     1st  15  sec. 
Hr.  of  Ex-     Normal    mins.  taken   of  1st  15 
periment         H.R,         to  smoke         min. 
7.00  93  58  45 

7.00  84  62  43 


Average 


88.5 


60 


44 


3-4-15 
3-8-15 


6.40 
6.40 


84 
92 


45 
35 


Average 


40 


H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 

Min.  H.R. 
2      3      4      5      6      7      8       9    10    11     12    13    14    15   returned  to 

normal 

20  25  25  25  24  24  24  24  25  26  24  23  24  24     * 

21  23  23  26  26  25  25  25  26  24  23  24  26  25     * 


Average 


*  or  15 


25    22    24    22    21    21 
35    23    22    23 


Average 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute. 


76       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Mr.  T. 


Date 
1-18-15 
1-27-15 
2-  8-15 
2-10-15 
2-16-15 
2-19-15 


Average 


Condi- 
tion 
Good 


Hr.'of  Ex- 
periment 
7.30 
7.00 
6.45 
6.30 
6.30 
6.40 


Normal 
H.R. 
78 
89 
88 
92 
96 
92 


Time  in 
mins.  taken 
to  smoke 
65 
50 
63 
65 
60 
67 


R.H.  for 

1st  15  sec. 
of  1st  15 

min. 

31 

36 

31 

40 

34 

42 


Average 

89.2 

60.2 

37 

3-  3-15 

6.45 

82 

28 

3-  8-15 

7.30 

100 

42 

3-10-15 

7.00 

92 

32 

3-20-15 

1.00 

75 

28 

3-21-15 

6.30 

80 

30 

85.8 


32 


H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 


9  10  11 


Min.  H.R. 
12  13  14  15  returned  to 


26  25  25  21  20  20  19  20 

22  28  31  28  30  30  30  27  26  25  32  30  28  29 

28  25  24  24  23  26  26  26  24  24  24  24  26  24 
34  33  32  31  32  31  31  31  31  31  31  31  31  31 
34  28  27  29  32  31  30  31  31  30  30  30  29  29 

29  27  28  28  28  27  30  28  29  28  27  28  27  26 


normal 
6 
* 

*t 


Average 

23  21  22  22  20  21  20  21 

30  27  26  28  25  25 

25  25  25  25  23  23 

23  19  17  18  19  19 

22  21  21  21  20  20 


13.5 

6 
6 
7 
6 
6 


Average  6 . 2 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  the  15th  minute, 
t  This  was  continued  for  27  minutes  and  the  rate  for  any  15  sec. 
did  not  drop  lower  than  28  beats. 


HEART  RATE  AFTER  EXERCISE 


77 


Mr.  W 


H.R.  for 

Time  in     1st  15  sec. 


Condi 

- 

Hr.  of  Ex- 

Norma' 

mins.  taken   of  1st  15 

Date 

1 

tion 

periment 

H.R. 

to  smoke 

min. 

1-22-15 

Good 

7.00 

82 

65 

32 

1-28-15 

" 

7.00 

70 

60 

35 

2-  8-15 

" 

7.00 

98 

57 

40 

2-  4-15 

(( 

6.40 

80 

61 

36 

2-10-15 

" 

6.30 

86 

56 

33 

2-11-15 

" 

7.10 

95 

62 

42 

2-17-15 

" 

7.00 

84 

58 

38 

2-19-15 

" 

7.00 

100 

63 

28 

2-24-15 

" 

6.30 

82 

68 

34 

2-25-15 

" 

6.40 

89 

57 

35 

Average 

86.6 

60.7 

35.3 

3-30-15 

t( 

6.45 

91 

36 

3-31-15 

" 

7.00 

83 

34 

4-  1-15 

" 

7.00 

92 

32 

4-  2-15 

" 

6.45 

83 

34 

4-  4-15 

" 

7.00 

80 

36 

Average 

85.8 

34.8 

H.R.  for  first  15  seconds  of  following  minutes: 

Min.  H.R. 

2      3      4 

5 

6 

7 

8      9 

10 

11     12 

13 

14    15 

returned  to 
normal 

18    17    19 

20 

20 

20 

20    20 

20 

20    20 

20 

20    20 

*tDecrs 

18    17    19 

20 

20 

20 

20    20 

20 

20    20 

20 

20    20 

* 

26    24    26 

24 

24 

24 

4 

26    22    22 

21 

21 

21 

21    21 

21 

21    21 

22 

21    21 

* 

22    19    21 

21 

22 

21 

5 

24    24    24 

26 

24 

4 

27    23    22 

23 

25 

26 

26    25 

25 

25    25 

25 

25    25 

* 

23    23    25 

24 

23 

25 

25 

4 

18    20    21 

22 

23 

21 

21    21 

8 

24    24    23 

23 

24 

24 

23    25 

24 

24    24 

24 

24    24 

* 

Average 

10 

24    23    22 

22 

22 

23 

22    23 

22 

4 

21    20    20 

21 

20 

5 

21    22    23 

23 

4 

17    18    19 

21 

21 

21 

21 

5 

18    19    22 

20 

20 

5 

Average 

*  H.R.  had  not  returned  to  normal  in  fifteen  minutes. 

t  Not  used  in  averaging  for  increase  of  H.R. 


4.6 


PART  III 

THE  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING  ON 
NEURO-MUSCULAE  PRECISION 

Experimental  Work  by 

G.  WESLEY  BLICKLEY 

International  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  College, 

Springfield,  Mass.,  1915 


Ill 

The  Effects  of  Smoking  on  Neuro-Musoular 

Precision 

The  experiments  extended  over  a  period  of 
four  months  with  conditions  as  nearly  uniform  as 
possible. 

The  problem  of  precision  tests  and  methods  of 
determining  physical  accuracy  and  neuro-mus- 
cular  control  is  a  very  broad  one.  Discussions  of 
this  and  allied  subjects  may  be  found  in 
Whipple's  ^'Manual  of  Mental  and  Physical 
Tests''  and  in  other  publications.  The  most  prac- 
tical test  which  presented  itself  for  use  in  this 
study  for  the  finer  coordinations  was  that  fur- 
nished by  the  Columbia  University  Psychological 
Blanks  No.  10.  For  the  larger  muscle  groups  it 
was  decided  to  use  lunging  at  a  target  with  a 
fencing  foil. 

These  tests  were  taken  before  and  after  smok- 
ing two  cigars,  and  a  system  of  scoring  was 
adopted  which  would  indicate  the  results  of  each 
man's  performance.  In  this  way  exact  figures 
show  the  score  made  by  each  man,  with  the  per 
cent  of  loss  or  gain  in  physical  precision  regis- 

81 


82       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

tered  for  each  individual  experiment  and  aver- 
aged for  the  whole  test. 

The  subjects  for  the  work  of  this  study  were 
all  young  men  leading  healthy,  active  lives,  taken 
from  all  classes  in  the  college  and  varying  in 
age  from  19  to  24.  For  the  sake  of  comparison 
seven  smokers  and  seven  non-smokers  were  se- 
lected. The  smokers  were  men  who  perhaps 
never  smoked  more  than  twice  in  a  day  at 
the  most,  and  would,  be  classified  as  moderate 
smokers;  and  who,  furthermore,  discontinued 
even  this  amount  of  smoking  during  various 
seasons  on  account  of  training.  On  the  other 
hand,  many  of  the  non-smokers  had  never  used 
tobacco  and  took  up  the  experiment  merely  from 
a  personal  interest  in  the  subject.  Owing  to  the 
unpleasant  results,  some  found  it  impossible  to 
finish  the  complete  set  of  ten  experiments.  Prac- 
tice teaching:  also  interfered  with  some. 

The  room  in  which  the  tests  were  held  was  the 
smoking  laboratory  mentioned  in  the  previous 
studies.  It  was  well  heated,  well  ventilated,  and 
well  lighted.  There  was  plenty  of  ventilation, 
although  it  was  our  aim  not  to  allow  too  much 
ventilation,  as  it  was  desired  to  have  as  nearly 
as  possible  the  conditions  of  the  club  room,  or 
the  smoking  car  with  the  heavy  cloud  of  smoke. 

The  men  came  for  their  experiments  on  even- 
ings best  suited  to  them,  so  that  at  any  time  when 


NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION  83 

thej  were  not  feeling  well  they  were  not  required 
to  come.  In  this  way  the  experiments  were  ob- 
tained when  the  men  were  in  the  best  of  spirits, 
and  at  least  when  they  were  most  likely  to  be 
normal.  The  subjects,  whether  smoking  or  not, 
were  allowed  to  study,  read,  or  write  letters  as 
they  wished.  It  was  noted,  however,  that  the 
time  was  usually  spent  in  conversation. 

The  cigars  used  were  the  same  as  in  the  pre- 
vious tests.  The  men  were  required  to  smoke  two 
cigars  for  each  experiment,  which  took  on  the 
average  from  fifty  to  sixty  minutes  and  more,  the 
men  setting  their  own  pace. 

The  tests  were  two  in  number  and  were  con- 
ducted as  follows:  Smokers — after  a  period  of 
rest  and  after  conditions  had  returned  to  their 
normal,  and  the  normal  heart  rate  had  been  taken 
by  Mr.  Dowling,  each  man  v»^as  required  to  fill  in 
two  of  the  five  lines  on  the  Psychological  Blank, 
which  consisted  in  drawing  a  zigzag  line  between 
two  other  printed  lines  3/16  of  an  inch  apart. 
The  object  of  the  test  is  to  keep  the  third  line 
from  touching  either  of  the  other  two  lines.  A 
fountain  pen  was  used  to  draw  these  lines,  and  a 
metronome  was  used  to  time  the  men,  17  seconds 
for  each  line.    A  copy  of  the  blank  follows : 


84       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


H      [L  (L. 

1 

1             r   .   ..     1 . 

r 

o 

;?: 

< 

PQ 
< 

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o 
o 

o 

w 
u 

OS 

>*  s 

Eh  .2 

hH  a> 

OD  w 

«  ■§ 

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P 


n 

P 
o 


NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION  85 

Every  time  this  zigzag  line  touched  either  line 
the  subject  was  marked  an  error.  An  average  of 
the  errors  registered  in  the  first  two  lines  were 
recorded  as  the  score  of  this  test  before  smoking. 

Then  followed  the  target  test.  This  consisted 
of  five  thrusts  with  the  foil  in  true  fencing  style — 
arm  straight  and  with  the  lunge — at  a  target 
about  fifteen  inches  in  diameter,  which  is  placed 
on  the  wall  about  shoulder  high.  A  bull's-eye  was 
registered  as  6;  for  each  succeeding  concentric 
circle  five,  four,  three,  two,  and  one.  The  averages 
of  these  ^ye  scores  were  then  taken  and  recorded 
as  the  score  for  that  individual  before  smoking. 

The  subject  was  then  allowed  to  smoke  his  two 
cigars,  after  which  he  filled  in  the  remaining 
three  parallel  lines  on  the  blank.  The  average, 
under  the  same  conditions  of  scoring  as  before, 
was  taken,  and  this  recorded  as  the  individuars 
score  after  smoking.  The  target  test  was  then 
repeated  and  the  average  of  the  five  thrusts  re- 
corded as  the  score  after  smoking. 

Ten  such  experiments  were  taken  and  the 
scores  totaled  and  averaged,  after  which  each 
man  was  requested  to  refrain  from  smoking  to- 
bacco in  any  of  its  forms  for  a  period  of  two 
weeks.  A  series  of  five  experiments  were  then 
taken,  similar  to  the  ten  above,  with  this  excep- 
tion that  the  scores  were  taken  after  exercise ;  the 
particular  form  of  exercise   used   was   twenty 


86       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

jumps  over  a  stick  about  eighteen  inches  high. 
This  experiment  was  taken  simply  to  satisfy  a 
desire  on  my  part  to  know  the  effect  of  exercise 
on  neuro-muscular  control.  The  scores  were  then 
totaled  and  averaged  and  the  conclusions  drawn. 

Non-smokers— The  tests  on  the  non-smokers 
were  much  the  same  as  those  conducted  with  the 
smokers,  except  that  the  five  experiments  to 
obtain  the  normal  and  the  effects  on  neuro-mus- 
cular control  after  exercise  were  taken  first.  The 
smoking  tests  were  then  taken  after  the  normal 
had  been  recorded. 

As  there  were  but  one  or  two  trial  experiments 
before  the  actual  tests  were  started  and  as  the 
men  were  not  fully  accustomed  to  the  tests,  we 
find  that  in  most  cases  the  non-smokers  show  an 
increase  in  physical  precision  in  the  normals 
taken  immediately  before  smoking,  and  in  the 
normals  found  for  the  first  ^ye  experiments.  But 
this  is  generally  more  than  balanced  by  the  per- 
centage lost  after  smoking. 

There  are  of  course  many  outside  influences 
which  could  have  an  effect  upon  the  scores  and 
which  really  should  be  considered.  Chief  of  these 
is  the  fact  of  general  improvement  which  the  men 
show  as  a  result  of  greater  experience  with  the 
apparatus.  There  is  also  a  difference  in  the 
scores  registered  by  the  different  men  as  a  result 
of  their  varied  previous  experience  with  the  foil, 


NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION  87 

but  this  would  not  in  any  way  affect  the  final 
percentages.  With  the  smokers  there  is  also  a 
chance  for  decrease  in  efficiency  during  the  two 
weeks'  interval  without  smoking,  due  to  lack  of 
practice. 

These  are  some  of  the  considerations  which 
must  be  taken  into  account  in  studying  the  re- 
sults in  the  following  tables.  With  these  in  mind, 
we  can  readily  see  why  it  is  that  the  best  one  can 
hope  for  from  the  results  obtained,  is  that  they 
may  be  suggestive  and  a  stimulus  to  further 
study. 

Samples  of  the  individual  detailed  tables 
follow  and  the  complete  set  of  detailed  tables  will 
be  found  in  the  appendix. 

Mr.  p.  smoker— blank  TEST 


Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total          Av. 

1/18 

4,8 

12 

6.0 

12,15,12 

39           13 

1/19 

14,4 

18 

9.0 

13,11,14 

38           12.66 

1/21 

3,9 

12 

6.0 

10,  8,12 

30           10.00 

1/22 

6,6 

12 

6.0 

6,  4,  9 

19             6.33 

1/26 

5,6 

11 

5.5 

7,  3,  8 

18             6.00 

1/28 

5,1 

6 

3.0 

1,  2,  3 

6             2.00 

1/30 

4,3 

7 

3.5 

4,  5,  7 

17             5.66 

2/2 

2,6 

8 

4.0 

5,  5,  6 

16             5.33 

2/10 

3,2 

5 

2.5 

1,  2,  3 

6             2.00 

2/11 

2,4 

6 
97 

3.0 

48.5 

4,  5,  3 

12             4.00 

Totals 

201           66 . 98 

Averai 

?es 

9.7 

4.85 

20.1         6.70 

In  this  series  of  experiments  Mr.  P.  lost  in 
physical  precision  in  eight  out  of  the  ten  trials. 
In  the  trials  of  Jan.  28th  and  Feb.  10th  a  slight 


88       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

increase  was  registered.  The  final  average  of 
4.85  before  smoking  and  6.7  after  smoking  shows 
a  decrease  of  1.85  in  the  respective  scores.  This 
gives  Mr.  P.  a  loss  of  38.13  per  cent  in  physical 
precision. 

Mr.  p.  smoker— blank  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Normal 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total        Av. 

Trials          Total          Av. 

3/2 

7,3 

12           6 

5,6,7             21             7 

3/3 

5,4 

9           4.5 

4,3,2                9             3 

3/8 

4,4 

8           4.0 

4,6,2              12             4 

3/9 

3,4 

7           3.5 

5,3,3              11            3.66 

3/10 

4,4 

8           4.0 
44         22.0 

6,4,2              12             4.00 

Totals 

65           21 . 66 

Averages 

8.8      4.4 

13            4.33 

By  a  comi^arison  of  the  figures  in  the  above 
tables  we  find  that  after  exercise  Mr.  P.  showed 
a  slight  decrease  in  ph^^sical  precision  in  two  of 
the  trials,  an  increase  in  one,  and  no  change  in 
two  trials. 

In  the  totals  the  differences  were  so  small  as 
to  be  almost  nil,  the  loss  being  but  1.59  per  cent. 

By  a  comparison  with  the  previous  tests  on  Mr. 
P.  w^e  find  that  the  normal  here  of  8.8  shows 
about  10  per  cent  increase  in  precision  during 
interval  of  two  weeks  Avithout  smoking. 

This  would  tend  to  intensify  the  results  in 
the  smoking  tests,  which  showed  a  loss  in  pre- 
cision of  38.13  per  cent  immediately  after 
smoking. 


NEUKO-MUSCULAR  PRECISION 

89 

Mr.  p. 

SMOKER— TARGET  TEST 

Before  Smokik 

rG                            After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av.                    Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/18 

6,4,3,5,3 

21 

4.2                  4,2,4,4,5 

20 

4.0 

1/19 

3,3,3,3,4 

16 

3.2                  3,4,3,4,3 

17 

3.4 

1/21 

6,4,4,5,4 

23 

4.6                  3,4,3,4,3 

17 

3.4 

1/22 

4,2,2,3,6 

17 

3.4                  4,3,3,4,3 

17 

3.4 

1/26 

4,6,4,6,4 

24 

4.8                   4,4,4,4,3 

19 

3.8 

1/28 

4,4,5,5,5 

23 

4.6                   4,4,2,3,4 

17 

3.4 

1/30 

2,3,4,4,4 

17 

3.4                   3,6,5,5,2 

21 

4.2 

2/2 

5,5,4,5,5 

24 

4.8                   4,4,4,4,4 

20 

4.0 

2/10 

4,4,5,5,4 

22 

4.4                   4,4,4,5,5 

22 

4.4 

2/11 

3,4,4,5,5 

21 

4.2                   4,4,3,4,5 

20 
190 

4.0 

Totals 

208 

41.6 

38.0 

Averages 

20.8 

4.16 

19 

3.8 

A  study  of  this  table  shows  that  in  six  out  of 
the  ten  experiments  Mr.  P.  showed  a  loss  in 
physical  precision,  in  two  experiments  ( 1/19  and 
1/30)  a  slight  increase  and  in  the  other  two  tests 
there  was  neither  a  gain  nor  a  loss.  The  final 
average  of  4.16  before  smoking  and  that  of  3.8 
after  smoking  shows  a  difference  of  .36  or  a  loss 
of  8.65  per  cent  for  this  test. 

Mr.  p.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Normal 

After  Exercise 

Date 

Trials        Total 

Av. 

Trials        Total     Av. 

3/2 

4,4,4,5,5         22 

4.4 

6,5,5,5,4         25         5.0 

3/3 

3,4,4,4,5         20 

4.0 

4,4,5,5,5         23         4.6 

3/8 

4,4,5,4,4         21 

4.2 

4,3,4,5,5         21         4.2 

3/9 

5,4,3,5,4         21 

4.2 

5,5,4,4,4         22         4.4 

3/10 

5,4,6,4,5         24 

4.8 

4,5,6,5,4         24         4.8 

Totals 

108 

21.6 

115       23.0 

Averages                        21.6 

4.33 

23         4.6 

From  this  table  we  discover  that  exercise  had 
no  bad  results  with  the  target  test ;  in  fact,  as  in- 


90       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

dicated  in  the  totals,  the  efficiency  in  the  thrust 
was  increased  6.23  per  cent. 

Not  in  any  of  the  trials  was  loss  shown,  but  an 
increase  in  three  trials  and  no  change  in  two. 

These  results  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
best  response  is  obtained  only  after  a  certain 
amount  of  "warming  up,"  in  all  tests  involving 
the  larger  muscle  groups. 

When  compared  with  the  previous  tests,  which 
showed  a  loss  in  physical  precision  of  8.65  per 
cent  after  smoking,  this  may  also  tend  to  increase 
the  importance  of  the  results  to  those  interested 
in  physical  training. 

Tables  follow  giving  a  summary  and  average 
for  each  individual  and  the  averages  for  the 
groups.  This  is  followed  by  a  statement  table 
and  then  is  given  a  final  table,  bringing  together 
the  averages  of  the  groups  for  comparison,  par- 
ticularly with  regard  to  the  effect  of  smoking. 

SUMMARY  OF  TABLES 

Table  I.     Smokers — Blank  Test 

Results  of  smoking  experiment 


Name       Average  before 

Average  after 

Difference 

Per  Cent 

smoking 

smoking 

Diff. 

Mr.  P.               4.85 

6.7 

-1.85 

-38.13 

Mr.  R.               5.25 

5.86 

-    .61 

-11.61 

Mr.  S.                5.6 

8.2 

-2.6 

-46.42 

Mr.  T.               4.5 

5.1 

-    .6 

-13.33 

Mr.  X.               6.05 

6.61 

-    .56 

-  9.25 

Mr.  Y.               8.5 

12.65 

-4.15 

-48.82 

Mr.  Z.              13.17 

15.22 

-2.05 

-15.56 

Totals              47.92 

60.34 

-12.42 

— 

Averages           6 .  854 

8.62 

-   1.77 

-25.96 

NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION 


91 


Table  II.     Smokers — Blank  Test  with  Exercise 
Results  after  two  weeks  interval 


Average 

Average 

Per 

Name 

before 

after 

Difference 

Cent 

exercise 

exercise 

Diff. 

Mr.  P. 

4.4 

4.33 

-f    .07 

+  1.59 

Mr.  R. 

5.2 

5.66 

-    .46 

-  8.84 

Mr.  S. 

6.0 

5.93 

-    .93 

-18.6 

Mr.  T. 

4.9 

6.135 

-1.335 

-25.02 

Mr.  X. 

4.1 

4.6 

-    .50 

-11.19 

Mr.  Y. 

5.1 

7.00 

-1.9 

-37.25 

Mr.  Z. 

15.3 

16.4 

-1.1 

-  7.18 

Totals 

44.00 

50.055 

-6.125 

Averages 

6.285 

7.150 

-0.875 

-13.92 

Table  III. 

Smokers — Target  Test 

Results  of  smoking  experiment 

Average 

Average 

Per 

Name 

before 

after 

Difference 

Cent 

smoking 

smoking 

Diff. 

Mr.  P. 

4.16 

3.8 

-0.36 

-  8.65 

Mr.  R. 

3.7 

3.56 

-0.14 

-  3.78 

Mr.  S. 

4.12 

3.66 

-0.46 

-11.15 

Mr.  T. 

3.84 

3.66 

-0.18 

-  4.68 

Mr.  X. 

3.68 

3.3 

-0.38 

-10.32 

Mr.  Y. 

4.075 

3.725 

-0..35 

-   8.58 

Mr.  Z. 

4.1 

3.66 

-0.44 

-10.73 

Totals 

27.675 

25.365 

-2.31 

Averages 

3.953 

3.623 

-    .33 

-  8.35 

Table  IV.     Smokers — Target  Test  with  Exercise 

Results  after  interval  of  two  weeks 

Average 

Average 

Per 

Name 

before 

after 

Difference 

Cent 

exercise 

exercise 

Diff. 

Mr.  P. 

4.16 

3.8 

-0.36 

-  8.65 

Mr.  R. 

4.36 

4.12 

-0.24 

-  5.52 

Mr.  S. 

4.04 

4.08 

+0.04 

+     .00 

Mr.  T. 

4.16 

3.64 

-0.52 

-12.5 

Mr.  X. 

3.72 

3.88 

+0.16 

+  4.30 

Mr.  Y. 

3.84 

3.68 

-0.16 

-  3.31 

Mr.  Z. 

4.00 

3.76 

-0.24 

-  6.00 

Totals 

28.28 

27.776 

-    .69 

Averages 

4.04 

3.965 

-    .098 

-  2.41 

92       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Table  V.     Non-Smokers — Blank  Test  with  Exercise 
Results  of  non-smoking  experiment 


Average 

Average 

Per 

Name 

before 

after 

Difference 

Cent 

exercise 

exercise 

Diff. 

Mr.  A. 

8.0 

8.465 

-    .465 

-  5.81 

Mr.  B. 

5.2 

5.266 

-    .066 

-  1.27 

Mr.  C. 

10.4 

12.665 

-2.265 

-21.77 

Mr.  D. 

7.7 

6.132 

-M.568 

+20.36 

Mr.  E. 

9.9 

11.86 

-1.96 

-19.84 

Mr.  F. 

5.3 

4.066 

-M.234 

+23 .  28 

Mr.  G. 

8.2 

8.4 

-0.2 

-  2.04 

Totals 

54.7 

56.854 

-2.154 

Averages 

7.814 

8.122 

-    .308 

-  3.94 

Table  VI. 

Non-Smokers- 

-Blank  Test 

Results  of  smoking  experiment 

Average 

Average 

Per 

Name 

before 

after 

Difference 

Cent 

smoking 

smoking 

Diff. 

Mr.  A. 

7.35 

8.77 

-1.416 

-19.25 

Mr.  B. 

5.45 

5.56 

-   .11 

-  2.02 

Mr.  C. 

8.25 

9.63 

-1.38 

-16.76 

Mr.  D. 

7.1 

8.132 

-1.032 

-14.53 

Mr.  E. 

5.8 

7.932 

-2.132 

-36.75 

Mr.  F. 

3.8 

3.8 

0.00 

0.00 

Mr.  G. 

6.9 
44.65 

10.4 

-3.5 

-50.72 

Totals 

54.226 

-9.570 

Averages 

6.38 

7.747 

-1.367 

-21.43 

Table  VII.     Non-Smokers — Target  Test  with  Exercise 

Results  of  non-smoking  experiment 

Average 

Average 

Per 

Name 

before 

after 

Difference 

Cent 

exercise 

exercise 

Diff. 

Mr.  A. 

3.56 

3.60 

+0.04 

+  1.12 

Mr.  B. 

3.8 

3.74 

-0.16 

-4.21 

Mr.  C. 

4.16 

3.76 

-0.40 

-9.61 

Mr.  D. 

4.84 

4.4 

-0.44 

-9.09 

Mr.  E. 

3.92 

4.0 

-fO.08 

+2.04 

Mr.  F. 

4.8 

4.48 

-0.32 

-6.66 

Mr.  G. 

4.44 

4.04 
28.02 

-0.40 

-9.01 

Totals 

29.520 

-1.60 

Averages 

4.217 

4. 

-    .229 

-5.43 

NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION 


93 


Table  VIII.     Non-Smokers — Target  Test 
Results  of  smoking  experiment 


Average 

Average 

Per 

Name 

before 

after 

Difference 

Cent 
Diff. 

Mr.  A. 

4.5 

3.92 

-    .58 

-12.88 

Mr.  B. 

4.59 

4.22 

-    .36 

-  7.86 

Mr.  C. 

4.4 

3.76 

-    .64 

-15.38 

Mr.  D. 

4.72 

3.56 

-1.16 

-24.57 

Mr.  E. 

3.68 

3.22 

-    .46 

-12.5 

Mr.  F. 

4.64 

4.2 

-    .44 

-  9.47 

Mr.  G. 

4.32 

3.8 

-    .52 

-12.03 

Totals 

30.85 

26.68 

-4.16 

Averages 

4.405 

3.811 

-   .59 

-13.48 

The  results  of  the  above  tables  may  be  briefly 
shown  by  the  following  curves : 

Average  Percentage  of  Loss  in  Precision 


Smoking 


Without  Smoking 
With  Exercise 


•0 
15 

20 

25 
50 


^ 

H 

^ 

h 

1 

Z 
< 

•J 

^ 

CQ 

^ 

-^      y 

1  ■<" 

\ 

X 

Vl 

> 

^^>^ 

i^ 

\\ 

/ 

^ 

/  ^ 

^              ^^  ^ 

X 

w 

/\y^ 

\\ 

^ 

\\ 

'.^ 

V 

/ 

.Non-Smokers  After  Smoking 
pSmokers  After  Smoking 


94       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


SUMMARY  OF  INDIVIDUALS 


Results  after  smoking 


Smokers 


Results  after  exercise 


Name       Blank  Test 
Mr.  P.  Marked  Loss 
Mr.  R.  SHght 
Mr.  S.    Marked 
Mr.  T.    Slight 
Mr.  X. 

Mr.  Y.   Marked 
Mr.  Z.   Slight 


Target  Test 
Slight  Loss 


Blank  Test 
Improved 
Loss 


Improved 
Loss 


Target  Test 

Improved 

Loss 

Improved 

Loss 

Improved 

Loss 


Non-Smoke  Rs 

Mr. 

A. 

Marked  Loss 

SHght  Loss 

Improved 

Improved 

Mr. 

B. 

SHght 

((         (( 

" 

Mr. 

C. 

Marked      " 

Marked  " 

Loss 

Mr. 

D. 

((           (1 

"       " 

Improved 

Mr. 

E. 

((           It 

SHght     " 

It 

Mr. 

F. 

No  difference 

<i         <( 

ii 

Mr. 

G. 

Marked  loss 

(< 

Marked  Loss — over  15  per  cent. 
SHght  loss — under  15  per  cent. 

Improved — means  over  previous  results,  not  always  in  actual  per 
cent. 

CONCLUSIONS 

1.  All  smokers  showed  a  loss  in  physical  pre- 
cision immediately  after  smoking. 

2.  Five  of  the  seven  smokers  showed  improve- 
ment during  the  interval  when  not  smoking. 

3.  Smokers  showed  a  greater  lack  of  neuro- 
muscular control  after  exercise  than  non- 
smokers. 

4.  Non-smokers  showed  the  greatest  loss  in 
physical  precision  after  smoking. 

5.  Non-smokers  showed  slight  gain  in  precision 
during  smoking  tests.    This,  in  the  mind  of  the 


NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION  95 

writer,  is  probably   due  to  greater  experience 
with  the  apparatus. 

6.  All  non-smokers  showed  improvement  in 
neuro-muscular  control  after  exercise. 

7.  Some  of  the  subjects  in  both  classes  were 
affected  more  than  others.  This  was  more  pro- 
nounced in  the  tests  taken  with  non-smokers. 

8.  General  effect  of  smoking  on  the  non- 
smokers  also  produced  other  serious  results,  in 
some  cases  physical  discomfort. 

For  those  who  desire  to  study  the  details  of  the 
experiments,  the  individual  records  are  brought 
together  in  the  appendix. 


96       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 
APPENDIX  TO  PART  III 

MR.  P.  SMOKER— BLANK  TEST 
For  tests  on  Mr.  P.,  see  preceding  tables,  page  87 

MR.  R.  SMOKER— BLANK  TEST 


Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

1/19 

3,8 

11 

5K 

9,12,13 

34 

11.33 

1/21 

8,12 

20 

10 

7,  5,12 

24 

8 

1/22 

7,5 

12 

6 

6,  6,  4 

16 

5.33 

1/26 

5.4 

9 

4^ 

6,  8,  4 

18 

6 

1/28 

6,4 

10 

5 

4,  4,  7 

15 

5 

1/30 

6,2 

8 

4 

4,  7,  7 

18 

6 

2/2 

6,4 

10 

5 

3,  2,  8 

13 

4.33 

2/4 

6,7 

12 

6 

4,  4,  4 

12 

4 

2/11 

5,3 

8 

4 

2,  5,  6 

13 

4.33 

2/16 

2.1 

3 

2>^ 

4,  3,  6 

13 

4.33 

Totals 

105 

52.5 

176 

58.65 

Averages 

10.5 

5.25 

17.6 

6.86 

Results  from  this  table  indicate  a  difference 
of  .61  in  the  average  scored,  or  a  loss  of  11.61  per 
cent  after  smoking. 

MR.  R.  SMOKER— BLANK  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

3/8 

8,7 

15 

7.5 

8,8,7 

23 

7.66 

3/10 

7,3 

10 

5 

3,7,8 

18 

6 

3/19 

5,5 

10 

5 

6,3,4 

13 

4.33 

4/20 

6,4 

10 

6 

5,6,7 

18 

6 

4/28 

5,2 

7 
62 

3.5 

2,5,6 

13 
86 

4.33 

Total 

26 

28.33 

Average 

10.4 

5.2 

17 

5.66 

The  average  score  of  5.66  after  exercise  as 
compared  with  5.2  before  shows  a  loss  of  8.84  per 
cent  in  precision,  which  is  nearly  equal  to  the 
loss  after  smoking. 


NEUEO-MUSCULAR  PRECISION  97 

The  normal  here  after  a  two  weeks'  interval 
without  smoking  is  5.2  as  compared  with  5.25 
while  smoking:  which  would  show  that  smoking 
with  this  man  had  very  little  injurious  effect, 
less  than  1  per  cent. 

MR.  R.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST 
Before  Smoking  After  Smoking 

Date  Ind.  Score  Tot.  Av.  Ind.  Score  Tot.  Av. 

1/19          2,3,.3,4,4  16  3.2  2,2,3,4,2  13  2.6 

1/21          4,4,2,3,5  18  3.6  2,3,3,4,4  16  3.2 

1/22         3,3,3,3,3  15  3.0  4,2,3,4,3  16  3.2 

1/26          3,2,3,4,3  15  3,0  4,4,4,3,4  19  3.8 

1/28         5,5,5,3,4  22  4.4  3,3,4,5,4  19  3.8 

1/30         3,3,3,3,3  15  3.0  4,6,3,4,3  20  4.0 

2/2           3,4,5,4,4  20  4.0  5,3,6,3,3  20  4.0 

2/4           3,4,5,4,4  20  4.0  2,4,4,3,4  17  3.4 

2/11          5,5,4,4,5  23  4.6  3,4,4,4,3  18  3.6 

2/16         4,4,4,4,5  21  4.2  3,4,5,5,3  20  4.0 

Total  185  37  178  35.6 

Average  18.5  3.7  17.8  3.56 

The  difference  in  scores  before  and  after  smok- 
ing in  this  test  shows  a  loss  of  but  3.78  per  cent 
in  precision. 

MR.  R.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercisi 

Date 

Ind.  Score         Tot. 

Av. 

Ind.  Score       Tot. 

Av. 

3/8 

5,4,5,4,5             23 

4.6 

3,4,4,5,4             20 

4.0 

3/10 

4,6,4,4,5             23 

4.4 

4,4,5,5,4             22 

4.4 

3/19 

4,6,4,4,5             23 

4.6 

4,4,5,5,4             22 

4.4 

4/20 

4,4,5,5,4             22 

4.4 

3,3,4,4,3             17 

3.4 

4/22 

4,3,4,4.4             19 
109 

3.8 

4,4,5,4,5             22 
103 

4.4 

Total 

21.8 

20.6 

Average                         21 . 8 

4.36 

20.6 

4.12 

The  difference  in  scores  here  shows  a  loss  of 
5.52  per  cent  after  exercise,  which  is  greater  than 
the  loss  after  smoking. 


98       PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

But  the  normal  of  4.36  shows  an  increase  in 
precision  during  two  weeks  without  smoking  of 
15.34  per  cent,  which  would  indicate  that  smok- 
ing after  all  prevented  the  best  performance  and 
for  our  purpose  was  harmful  for  Smoker  R. 


MR.  S.  SMOKER- 

-BLANK  TEST 

Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

Score 

Tot.                Av. 

1/18 

1,4 

5 

2.5 

7,10,  5 

22                7.33 

1/19 

7,10 

17 

8.5 

8,  9,14 

31               10.33 

1/21 

6,6 

12 

6 

10,12,11 

33               11 

1/22 

10,6 

16 

8 

5,  6,12 

23              7.33 

1/26 

6,8 

14 

7 

7,  8,  9 

24              8 

1/27 

4,6 

9 

4.5 

6,  9,10 

24              8 

1/28 

4.2 

6 

3 

7,  8,  6 

21              7 

1/30 

5,4 

9 

4.5 

1,  5,  6 

12              4 

2/4 

8,8 

16 

8 

10,  7,12 

29              9.66 

2/8 

3,5 

8 
112 

4 

6,10,11 

27              9 

Total 

66 

246              81.65 

Average 

11.2 

5.6 

24.6           8.16 

With  two  very  small  exceptions  on  Jan.  22  and 
30,  we  find  that  Mr.  S.  showed  a  marked  loss  in 
this  test.  The  differences  in  this  table  in  the 
total  scores  show  a  loss  of  46.42  per  cent  for 
after  smoking,  as  compared  wdth  the  tests  taken 
before  smoking. 

MR.  S.  SMOKER— BLANK  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

3/2 

3,6 

9 

4.5 

11,9,4 

24 

8 

3/3 

10,5 

15 

3 

6,3,6 

15 

5 

4/15 

3,3 

6 

7.5 

8,7,2 

17 

5.66 

4/20 

9,3 

12 

6.0 

3,7,6 

16 

5.33 

4/21 

6,2 

8 
50 

4.0 

25 

5,5,7 

17 
89 

5.66 

Total 

29.66 

Average 

10 

5 

17.8 

6.93 

NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION 


99 


The  scores  here  indicate  a  loss  of  18.6  per  cent 
after  exercise. 

The  normal  for  this  series  of  ^ye  experiments, 
taken  after  a  two  weeks'  interval  without  smok- 
ing, shows  an  improvement  of  10.7  per  cent  over 
the  normal  taken  while  still  using  tobacco. 

MR.  S.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST 


Befoke  Smoking 

Aftek  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

1/18 

2,4,3,4,3 

17 

3.4 

2,2,3,3,4 

14 

2.8 

1/19 

6,4,5,5,3 

23 

4.6 

4,3,4,4,2 

17 

3.4 

1/21 

4,4,4,4,4 

20 

4.0 

4,3,3,4,5 

19 

3.8 

1/22 

OyOjOfOjO 

23 

4.6 

4,5,5,2,4 

20 

4.0 

1/26 

4,3,5,4,4 

20 

4.0 

4,0,4,4,3 

15 

3.0 

1/27 

5,5,4,4,4 

22 

4.4 

5,3,4,6,5 

23 

4.6 

1/28 

3,4,4,4,3 

18 

3.6 

4,3,4,3,2 

16 

3.2 

1/30 

5,4,4,3,4 

20 

4.0 

4,6,4,3,5 

22 

4.4 

2/4 

4,4,5,5,3 

21 

4.2 

4,3,5,3,3 

18 

3.6 

2/8 

5,4,3,6,4 

22 

4.4 

0,0,5,0,0 

19 

3.8 

Total 

206 

41.2 

183 

36.6 

Average 

20.6 

4.12 

18.3 

3.66 

The  difference  in  scores  before  and  after  smok- 
ing in  this  test  shows  a  loss  of  11.15  per  cent  in 
physical  precision. 

MR.  S.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Befoke  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score            Tot. 

Av. 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

3/2 

5,3,4,6,5            23 

4.6 

5,4,3,5,5 

22 

4.4 

3/3 

4,4,4,4,4            20 

4.0 

4,5,5,5,5 

24 

4.8 

4/15 

4,5,4,4,4            21 

4.2 

5,4,3,4,3 

19 

3.8 

4/20 

6,4,3,2,4             18 

3.6 

4,4,4,3,4 

19 

3.8 

4/21 

3,4,3,4,5             19 
101 

3.8 
20.2 

3,4,3,3,5 

18 
102 

3.6 

Total 

20.4 

Average 

20.2 

4.04 

20.4 

4.08 

100     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

The  difference  in  scores  after  exercise  shows 
a  small  gain  of  less  than  1  per  cent,  which  for  all 
practical  purposes  can  be  neglected. 

The  normal  score  of  4.04  without  smoking  also 
shows  such  a  very  small  difference  (1.91  per 
cent)  from  that  taken  w^hile  smoking,  that  we 
conclude  the  only  evil  results  in  this  test  to  be  im- 
mediately after  smoking. 

MR.  T.  SMOKER— BLANK  TEST 


Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

1/22 

6,3 

9 

4.5 

7,6,3 

16 

5.33 

1/28 

7,4 

11 

5.5 

4,7,7 

18 

6.0 

1/30 

4.6 

10 

5.0 

6,8,8 

22 

7.33 

2/4 

1,6 

7 

3.5 

3,3,5 

11 

3.66 

2/8 

4,6 

10 

5.0 

1,4,7 

12 

4 

2/10 

6,5 

11 

6.5 

1,5,3 

9 

3 

2/11 

1,3 

4 

4 

6,4,5 

15 

5 

2/17 

6,5 

10 

5 

5,6,5 

16 

5.33 

2.24 

3,3 

6 

3 

3,7,5 

15 

5 

2/25 

6,3 

8 

4 

7,4,8 

19 

6.33 

Total 

90 

45 

153 

51 

Average 

9 

4.5 

15.3 

5.1 

In  this  series  of  experiments  Mr.  T.  lost  in 
physical  precision  eight  out  of  the  ten  trials.  In 
the  trials  of  Feb.  8th  and  10th  a  slight  increase 
was  registered. 

The  final  average  of  5.1  after  smoking  shows 
an  increase  in  the  number  of  errors  of  13.33  per 
cent  when  compared  with  the  average  of  4.5 
before  smoking. 


NEURO-MUSCULAR  PRECISION         101 


MR.  T.  SMOKER— BLi 

^NK  TES 

;t  with 

EXERCISE 

Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

. 

Ind. 

Date            Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

Score 

Tot.            Av. 

3/30                4,7 

11 

5.5 

7,5,5 

17             5.66 

3/31                3,7 

10 

5.0 

5,9,8 

22             7.33 

4/2                  6,8 

13 

6.5 

7,6,8 

21             7.00 

4/6                  3,4 

7 

3.5 

9,4,2 

15             5.00 

4/9                  5,3 

8 
49 

4.0 
24.5 

6,4,7 

17             5.66 

Total 

92            30.65 

Average 

9.8 

4.9 

18.4          6.13 

The  results  here  show  an  increase  in  the  num- 
ber of  errors,  or  a  loss  of  25.02  per  cent  in  pre- 
cision after  exercise. 

By  comparison  with  the  previous  test  we  find 
that  there  is  a  loss  of  8.88  per  cent  in  precision 
during  interval  without  smoking,  which  cannot 
be  accounted  for. 

MR.  T.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST 


Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

Score 

Tot. 

Av. 

1/22 

5,3,2,2,3 

15 

3.0 

2,2,3,4,4 

15 

3.0 

1/28 

5,2,5,5,4 

21 

4.2 

4,3,3,2,3 

15 

3.0 

1/30 

2,4,4,4,3 

17 

3.4 

4,5,5,4,5 

23 

4.6 

2/4 

5,3,4,3,5 

20 

4.0 

3,3,4,6,3 

19 

3.8 

2/8 

4,5,4,3,4 

20 

4.0 

3,3,4,4,5 

17 

3.4 

2/10 

5,4,3,5,3 

20 

4.0 

3,3,5,4,4 

19 

3.8 

2/11 

4,3,5,4,4 

20 

4.0 

6,2,3,2,3 

16 

3.2 

2/17 

5,3,5,2,4 

19 

3.8 

4,4,3,4,5 

20 

4.0 

2/24 

5,3,5,4,3 

20 

4.0 

4,3,2,6,5 

20 

4.0 

2/25 

3,5,4,4,4 

20 
192 

4.0 
38.4 

4,4,4,3,4 

19 

3.8 

Total 

183 

36.6 

Average 

19.2 

3.84 

18.3 

3.66 

The  averages  here  show  a  loss  of  4.68  per  cent 
after  smoking,  with  the  results  in  the  individual 


102     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

scores  before  and  after  smoking  showing  a  slight 
loss  in  six  out  of  the  ten  trials. 


Mb.  T.  smoker— target  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Smoking 

After 

Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

3/30 

4,7,2,4,4 

21 

4.2 

3,5,4,4,4 

20 

4.0 

3/31 

4,3,4,6,4 

21 

4.2 

4,4,6,3,3 

20 

4.0 

4/2 

4,4,4,5,4 

21 

4.2 

2,3,4,3,3 

15 

3.0 

4/6 

4,4,4,5,3 

20 

4.0 

3,4,3,3,5 

18 

3.6 

4/8 

4,3,5,4,5 

21 

4.2 

4,3,4,3,4 

18 

3.6 

Total 

104 

20.8 

91 

18.2 

Arerage 

20.8 

4.16 

18.2 

3.64 

The  results  here  show  a  loss  of  12.5  per  cent 
after  exercise. 

The  normal  of  4.16  after  two  weeks  without 
smoking  shows  an  increase  of  8.33  per  cent  over 
the  normal  taken  during  smoking  experiments. 


Mr.  X.  SMOKER- 

-BLANK  TEST 

Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total         Av. 

Score 

Total          Av. 

1/18 

3,9 

12             6 

12,6,12 

30           10 

1/19 

9,9 

18            9 

11,12,18 

41           13.66 

1/21 

7,11 

18            9 

19,9,15 

43           14.33 

1/22 

5,5 

10            5 

1,4,2 

7            2.33 

1/26 

6,9 

14            7 

4,4,7 

15            5 

1/27 

9,5 

14            7 

9,6,7 

22             7.33 

1/28 

4,6 

10            5 

2.2,5 

9            3 

2/2 

2,4 

6            3 

3,5,4 

12             4 

2/4 

3,3 

6            3 
108          54 

8,5,1 

14            4.66 

Total 

193          64.31 

Average 

12             6 

21.4        7.14 

Mr.  X.  showed  a  loss  of  19.16  per  cent  in  pre- 
cision after  smoking  tests.    The  individual  scores 


NEURO-MUSCULAK  PRECISION         103 

show  a  slight  gain  in  four  of  the  tests  which  was 
more  than  counteracted  by  the  losses  in  the  other 
six  tests. 

Mr.  X.  SMOKER— BLANK  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total           Av. 

Score 

Total            Av. 

4/20 

4,0 

4               2.0 

3,3,5 

11               3.66 

4/23 

2,4 

6              3.0 

6,6,5 

17               5.66 

4/26 

6,6 

12               6 

4,3,7 

14               4.66 

4/27 

5,5 

10              5 

3,2,5 

10               3.33 

4/28 

4.5 

9               4.5 
41             20.5 

3,8,6 

17               5.66 

Total 

69             23 

Average 

8.2           4.1 

13.8           4.6 

Here  we  find  a  loss  of  12.19  per  cent  in  the 
total  averages  after  exercise. 

The  normal  of  4.1  made  after  the  interval  of 
two  weeks  without  smoking  shows  a  gain  of  32.33 
per  cent  in  physical  precision,  showing  the  de- 
cided evil  effects  on  this  individual. 

Mr.  X.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST 


Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/18 

3,4,3,4,5 

19 

3.8 

3,2,3,3,3 

14 

2.8 

1/19 

3,2,3,4,3 

15 

3.0 

4,3,4,3,6 

20 

4.0 

1/21 

3,4,4,3,3 

17 

3.4 

3,4,2,3,3 

15 

3.0 

1/22 

5,3,3,4,4 

19 

3.8 

2,3,4,4,3 

16 

3.2 

1/26 

4,3,3,4,6 

20 

4.0 

3,2,5,2,3 

15 

3.0 

1/27 

2,3,3,4,3 

15 

3.0 

3,2,5,2,3 

15 

3.0 

1/28 

3,3,5,3,5 

19 

3.8 

3,4,3,3,4 

17 

3.4 

2/2 

4,3,4,5,4 

20 

4.0 

4,4,4,4,3 

19 

3.8 

2/4 

4,3,5,4,4 

20 

4.0 

5,4,4,4,3 

20 

4.0 

2/10 

3,3,3,3,4 

19 

3.8 

3,2,4,2,3 

14 

2.8 

Total 

184 

36.6 

165 

33 

Average 

18.4 

3.66 

16.5 

3.3 

The  averages  in  this  table  also  show  a  loss  of 


104     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

10.32  per  cent  in  precision  for   Mr.   X.   after 
smoking. 

Mr.  X.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total         Av. 

Score 

Total         Av. 

4/20 

4,3,5,3,3 

18             3.6 

3,4,4,4,3 

18          3.6 

4/23 

3,4,4,4,4 

19            3.8 

3,4,6,3,4 

20           4.0 

4/26 

6,3,4,2,4 

19            3.8 

5,4,4,4,4 

21           4.2 

4/27 

4,4,3,4,5 

20             4.0 

4,4,4,4,4 

20           4.0 

4/28 

3,4,4,3,3 

17             3.4 
93           18.6 

Oy'XyOyOjO 

18           3.6 

Total 

97         19.4 

Average 

18.6        3.72 

19.4       3.88 

The  trials  after  exercise  in  the  target  test  show 
an  increase  of  4.30  per  cent  for  Mr.  X.,  as  for 
most  of  the  other  subjects  in  this  test. 

The  normal  of  3.72,  taken  after  smoking  had 
been  discontinued  for  two  weeks,  shows  an  in- 
crease of  only  1.08  per  cent,  which  in  itself  is  not 
much,  but  when  considered  with  the  results  in 
the  Blank  Test  tends  to  confirm  the  decided  evil 
effects  found  in  that  test. 

Mr.  Y.  SMOKER— blank  TEST 


Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total      Av. 

Score 

Total           Av. 

1/18 

4,5 

9         4.5 

17,22,19 

58           19.33 

1/21 

16,12 

28       14 

14,14,12 

40           13 . 33 

1/27 

7,15 

22       11 

11,11,11 

33           11 

1/28 

11,13 

24       12 

10,7,18 

35           11.66 

1/30 

6,7 

13         6.5 

13,10,17 

40           13.33 

2/4 

2,8 

10         5 

9,12,14 

35           11.66 

2/19 

8,6 

14         7 

6,10,19 

34           11.33 

2/25 

6,10 

16         8 
136       68 

8,8,12 

28            9.33 

Total 

303         100.97 

Average 

17         8.5 

37.88     12.62 

NEUKO-MUSCULAR  PRECISION         105 

Owing  to  normal  work  only  eight  smoking  ex- 
periments could  be  completed.  On  Mr.  Y.,  with 
the  exception  of  one  time,  the  trials  in  this  test 
show  a  decided  loss,  the  general  averages  show- 
ing a  loss  of  48.52  per  cent.  Mr.  Y.  was  perhaps 
the  most  consistent  of  all  the  smokers. 

Mb.  Y.  smoker— blank  TEST  W^ITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total           Av. 

Score 

Total           Av. 

4/15 

7,9 

16                8 

11,9,8 

28             9.33 

4/26 

3,3 

6                3 

7,13,7 

27             9 

4/28 

4,4 

8                4 

5,9,6 

20             6.66 

5/3 

7,5 

12                 6 

5,7,5 

17             5.66 

6/4 

6,3 

9                 4.5 
51               25.5 

8,1,4 

13             4.33 

Total 

105          35 

Average 

10.2.            5.1 

21            7 

The  trials  after  exercise  show  a  loss  of  37.25 
per  cent,  which  would  tend  to  show  the  unstable 
condition  of  the  neuro-muscular  system,  even 
after  smoking  had  been  discontinued  for  two 
weeks. 

The  normal  at  this  time  has  greatly  improved, 
as  is  shown  by  the  40  per  cent  increase  in  physi- 
cal precision  registered  during  the  test. 

These  differences  of  48.52  per  cent  loss  directly 
after  smoking  with  an  improvement  of  40  per 
cent  after  exercise  are  the  greatest  recorded  on 
any  of  the  smokers. 


106     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Mr. 

Y.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST 

Before  Smoking                             After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total      Av.                  Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/18 

3,3,4,4,3 

17           3.4              4,4,4,4,3 

19 

3.8 

1/21 

5,4,5,4,3 

21           4.2              3,3,5,3,4 

18 

3.6 

1/26 

3,4,5,4,3 

19          3.8              3,4,5,5,3 

20 

4.0 

1/28 

4,5,4,5,3 

21           4.2               3,3,4,5,4 

19 

3.8 

1/30 

6,3,5,3,5 

22           4.4               3,5,5,3,3 

19 

3.8 

2/4 

4,5,5,4,4 

22           4.4               4,2,4,4,3 

17 

3.4 

2/19 

3,4,4,4,5 

20          4.0              3,4,3,4,4 

18 

3.6 

2/25 

4,3,5,5,4 

21           4.2               3,5,4,4,3 

19 

3.8 

Total 

163         32.6 

149 

29.8 

Average 

20.38    4.075 

18.65  3.725 

The  loss  in  physical  precision  registered  after 
smoking  in  this  test  was  8.58  per  cent  as  com- 
pared with  the  normal. 

Mb.  y.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total        Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

4/15 

3,4,4,2,4 

17           3.4 

3,4,4,4,3 

18 

3.6 

4/26 

4,3,4,4,4 

19           3.8 

4,3,3,3,3 

16 

3.2 

4/28 

5,5,3,4,3 

20           4.0 

4,3,4,4,4 

19 

3.8 

5/3 

4,5,5,4,3 

21           4.2 

-   6,5,4,4,3 

22 

4.4 

5/4 

4,3,4,3,5 

19           3.8 

4,4,3,3,3 

17 
92 

3.4 

Total 

96         19.2 

18.4 

Average 

19.2       3.84 

18.4 

3.68 

This  test  also  shows  a  loss  of  4.16  per  cent  after 
exercise,  which  tends  further  to  show  the  un- 
stable condition  of  the  neuro-muscular  system. 

The  normal  after  these  two  weeks  without 
smoking  has  also  decreased  and  shows  a  further 
loss  of  3.31  per  cent. 

When  considered  together,  the  results  found 


NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION 


107 


in  this  set  of  tables  show  the  most  decided  losses 
in  physical  precision  found  among  any  of  the 
smokers.  As  has  been  stated  Mr.  Y.  was  also  the 
heaviest  of  the  regular  smokers. 


Mr.  Z.  SMOKER- 

-BLANK  TEST 

Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total         Av. 

Score 

Total          Av. 

1/18 

6,10 

16             8 

16,14,18 

48           16 

1/27 

10,10 

20           10 

12,15,12 

39           13 

2/8 

13,12 

25           12.5 

13,15,16 

44           14.66 

2/10 

16,18 

34           17 

16,15,15 

46           15.33 

2/16 

19,16 

35           17.5 

16,16,19 

51           17 

2/19 

15,13 

28           14 

14,16,16 

46           15.33 

Total 
Averag( 

1^ 

158           79 
26.33     13.166 

274           91.33 
45.66     15.22 

Outside  engagements  also  interfered  with  Mr. 
Z.'s  tests,  and  but  six  experiments  could  be  com- 
pleted. The  average  number  of  errors,  13.166 
before  smoking  and  15.221  after  smoking  were 
the  highest  recorded  against  any  man.  The  per- 
centage of  increase  after  smoking  was  15.6. 

Mr.  Z.  smoker— blank  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total         Av. 

Score 

Total          Av. 

3/2 

13,21 

34           17 

21,23,20 

64           21.33 

3/8 

20,12 

32           16 

19,14,17 

50           16.66 

3/10 

18,15 

33           16.5 

20,14,14 

48           16 

4/20 

13,15 

28           14 

16,13,15 

44           14.66 

4/21 

12,14 

26           13 
153           76.5 

14,16,10 

40           13.33 

Total 

246           82 

Average 

30.6       15.3 

49.2       16.4 

After  an  interval  of  two  weeks  without  smok- 


108     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

ing,  these  records  increased  to  15.3  normal  and 
16.4  after  exercise.  The  percentage  of  increase 
after  exercise  was  7.18. 

The  increase  in  the  normal  after  two  weeks  in- 
terval to  15.3  shows  a  loss  of  15.44  per  cent  over 
the  normal  of  13.166  while  smoking. 

In  this  case  the  high  total  number  of  errors, 
with  a  further  increase  after  smoking  had  been 
discontinued,  was  probably  due  to  the  normal 
neuro-muscular  control  rather  than  the  influence 
of  the  tobacco. 


Mr. 

Z.  SMOKER— TARGET  TEST 

Before  Smoking                           After  Smoking 

Date 

Ind.  Score 

Total        Av.            Ind.  Score      Total         Av. 

1/18 

3,4,4,4.4 

19           3.8             1,4,4,5,5          19          3.8 

1/27 

4,3,4,4,3 

18           3.6             4,4,3,3,4           18           3.6 

2/8 

4,4,5,4,5 

22           4.4             4,3,4,5,4          20           4.0 

2/10 

5,4,4,4,3 

20           4.0             4,3,4,3,3           17           3.4 

2/16 

6,4,4,6,3 

23          4.6            4,3,5,3,3          18          3.6 

2/19 

3,5,4,4,4 

20           4.0             4,3,4,3,4           18           3.6 

Total 

22         24.4                                   110         22 

Average 

20.5       4.06                                  18.33     3.66 

The  averages  for  this  test  show  a  loss  after 
smoking  of  10.73  per  cent  in  physical  precision. 

Mr.  Z.  SMOKER— target  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Date 

Ind.  Score 

Total        Av. 

Ind.  Score     Total 

Av. 

3/2 

3,5,4,3,4 

19           3.8 

3,3,4,3,5          20 

4.0 

3/8 

4,4,3,6,4 

21           4.2 

5,3,3,4,5          20 

4.0 

3/10 

4,3,5,6,4 

22           4.4 

3,4,4,4,4           19 

3.8 

4/20 

3,4,4,4,4 

19           3.8 

3,4,4,2,3           16 

3.2 

4/21 

4,4,3,3,5 

19           3.8 

3,4,3,4,5           19 

3.8 

Total 

100        20 

94 

18.8 

Average 

20          4 

18.8 

3.76 

NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION         109 

The  averages  in  this  test  of  3.76  for  trials  after 
exercise  show  a  further  loss  in  muscular  control 
of  6  per  cent  over  normal  taken  immediately 
before. 

The  normal  taken  after  two  weeks  without 
smoking  shows  practically  no  improvement  over 
that  taken  while  smoking,  so  that  when  con- 
sidered with  the  results  in  the  Blank  Test  these 
differences  would  appear  to  be  due  to  a  lack  of 
neuro-muscular  control  rather  than  the  imme- 
diate effects  of  smoking.  Mr.  Z.  had  never  been 
a  very  heavy  smoker  at  any  time  of  his  life. 

Mr.  a.  non-smoker— blank  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Befoee  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total        Av. 

Score 

Total             Av. 

1/18 

4,11 

15           7.5 

4,12,7 

23               7.66 

1/21 

9,13 

22         11 

11,13,10 

34             11.33 

1/26 

8,12 

20         10 

10,9,11 

30             10 

1/27 

5,4 

9          4.5 

7,5,6 

18               6 

1/28 

6,8 

14           7 
80        40 

7,8,7 

22               7.33 

Total 

127             42.33 

Average 

16          8 

25.4           8.46 

With  all  non-smokers  five  experiments  were 
first  taken  to  obtain  a  normal  score  under  ordi- 
nary conditions  in  both  tests,  without  smoking 
and  with  exercise,  which  could  be  compared  with 
tests  taken  after  smoking. 

The  normal  average  for  Mr.  A.  was  8.00.  The 
average  taken  after  exercise  was  5.465,  the  dif- 
ference being  so  slight  as  to  be  nil  for  all  prac- 
tical purposes. 


110     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

Mb.  a.  non-smoker— blank  TEST 


Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/28 

12,10 

22 

11 

10,11,14 

35 

11.66 

2/2 

7,8 

15 

7.6 

9,9,12 

30 

10 

2/4 

8,8 

16 

8 

10,7,7 

24 

8 

2/8 

6,4 

10 

5 

10,8,10 

28 

9.33 

2/11 

10,5 

15 

7.5 

11,5,8 

24 

8 

2/16 

5,9 

14 

7 

5,8,7 

20 

6.66 

2/17 

5,6 

11 

5.5 

8,8,9 

25 

8.33 

2/4 

6,6 

12 

6 

6,5,4 

15 

5 

2/25 

7,9 

16 

8 

10,7,13 

30 

10 

3/2 

8,8 

16 

147 

8 
73.5 

13,8,11 

32 

263 

10.66 

Total 

87.66 

Average 

14.7 

7.35 

26.3 

8.76 

In  the  case  of  the  non-smoker  this  becomes  the 
smoking  test — ten  experiments. 

In  seven  out  of  the  ten  experiments,  a  decided 
loss,  in  two  a  slight  gain,  and  one  with  no  change 
are  the  results  obtained  after  smoking. 

The  total  averages  show  a  loss  of  19.26  per 
cent  in  physical  precision  after  smoking. 

Mr.  a.  non-smoker— TARGET  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total         Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/18 

1,4,3,2,3 

13            2.6 

2,2,3,3,3 

13 

2.6 

1/21 

4,2,1,3,4 

14             2.8 

3,2,4,3,3 

15 

3 

1/26 

4,4,4,3,4 

19            3.8 

2,3,5,5,5 

20 

4 

1/27 

4,3,4,5,5 

21             4.2 

4,5,4,4,4 

21 

4.2 

1/28 

4,4,5,5,4 

22             4.4 

89           17.8 

4,3,5,5,4 

21 
90 

4.2 

Total 

18 

Average 

17.8        3.56 

18 

3.60 

We  also  find  in  the  target  test  that  the  differ- 
ence between  the  normal  of  3.56  and  the  test 


NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION 


111 


taken  after  exercise,  3.60,  is  so  small  that  for  all 
practical  purposes  it  can  be  neglected. 


Mb.  a. 

NON-SMOKER- 

-TARGET  TEST 

Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total        Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/28 

4,5,4,3,4 

20            4 

3,4,4,3,3 

17 

3.4 

2/2 

7,8,2,2,3 

22            4.4 

4,4,4,4,3 

19 

3.8 

2/4 

5,3,4,6,6 

24            4.8 

5,4,5,5,4 

23 

4.6 

2/8 

4,6,5,4,4 

23            4.6 

4,3,3,3,4 

17 

3.4 

2/11 

5,6,4,4,4 

23            4.6 

6,3,4,5,4 

22 

4.4 

2/16 

4,4,4,4,4 

20            4 

3,6,5,3,3 

20 

4 

2/17 

5,5,4,4,4 

22             4.4 

3,4,3,4,3 

17 

3.4 

2/24 

6,3,6,5,5 

24            4.8 

4,5,5,4,4 

22 

4.4 

2/25 

6,5,4,5,5 

25             5 

3,2,4,4,4 

17 

3.4 

3/2 

4,6,3,5,4 

22            4.4 

4,5,5,4,4 

22 

4.4 

Total 

225          45 

196 

39.2 

Average 

22.5         4.5 

19.6 

3.92 

In  this  test  we  also  find  a  great  improvement 
in  the  normal  taken  first,  when  compared  with 
that  taken  during  the  smoking  test,  which  is 
also  due  to  greater  experience  in  handling  the 
foils. 

When  compared  with  the  average  made  after 
smoking,  this  shows  a  loss  of  12.88  per  cent  in 
physical  precision. 
Mh.  b.  non-smoker— blank  test  with  exercise 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total           Av. 

Score 

Total            Av. 

1/22 

8,6 

14                 7 

2,8,3 

13             4.33 

1/27 

5,2 

7                 3.5 

3,7,5 

15             5 

1/28 

4,5 

9                 4.5 

3,6,6 

15             5 

1/29 

4,4 

8                 4 

4,5,9 

18             6 

1/30 

7,7 

14                 7 
52               26 

6,6,6 

18             6 

Total 

79           26.33 

Average 

10.4             5.2 

15.8           5.266 

112     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

The  normal  here  of  5.2  when  compared  with 
the  average  after  exercise,  5.266,  shows  prac- 
tically no  difference,  and  in  this  case  can  be 


neglected. 

Mb. 

B.  NON-SMOKER- 

-BLANK  TEST 

Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total           Av. 

Score 

Total           Av. 

2/11 

1,9 

10                 5 

10,5,6 

21             7 

2/16 

6,6 

12                 6 

4,6,4 

14            4.66 

2/17 

3,5 

8                 4 

9,5,3 

17            6.66 

2/19 

3,5 

8                 4 

5,2,6 

13            4.33 

2/24 

3,7 

10                5 

2,5,3 

10            3.33 

2/25 

9,3 

12                6 

6,4.9 

19            6.33 

3/2 

10,6 

16                8 

5,8,8 

21            7 

3/3 

3,3 

6                3 

3,2,4 

9            3 

3/4 

6,6 

12                6 
94              47 

3,3,9 

15            5 

Total 

139          46.33 

Average 

10.4            5.2 

15.4        5.15 

In  this  series  of  experiments  Mr.  B.  made  an 
actual  increase  in  his  four  out  of  the  ten  trials 
after  smoking,  and  one  was  without  change.  The 
difference  in  the  averages  was  very  small,  show- 
ing a  loss  of  only  2.12  per  cent  in  physical  pre- 
cision after  smoking. 

Mr.  B.  non-smoker— target  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total        Av. 

Score 

Total          Av. 

1/22 

3,4,4,3,4 

18           3.6 

6,2,4,3,3 

17             3.4 

1/27 

3,2,2,3,5 

15           3. 

4,3,2,4,3 

17             3.4 

1/28 

6,4,2,2,4 

17           3.4 

4,4,4,3,3 

18             3.6 

1/29 

4,3,4,3,4 

18           3.6 

3,5,4,4,3 

19             3.8 

1/.30 

4,5,5,6,5 

25           5. 
93         18.6 

4,5,6,4,3 

21             4.2 

Total 

91           18.4 

Average 

18.6       3.72 

18.2         3.68 

NEUKO-MUSCULAR  PRECISION         113 

In  this  test  the  percentage  of  loss  after  exercise 
is  barely  more  than  1  per  cent  and  can  be  neg- 
lected. 

Mr.  B.  non-smoker— target  TEST 


Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Date 

Ind.  Score 

Total        Av. 

Ind.  Score 

Total           Av. 

2/4 

6,5,5,5,4 

25           5.0 

6,6,5,4,3 

24             4.8 

2/11 

4,4,4,4,4 

20          4.0 

3,4,3,5,5 

20             4.0 

2/16 

5,5,6,6,5 

27           5.4 

5,3,4,4,5 

21             4.2 

2/17 

5,4,4,4,3 

20           4.0 

3,4,5,4,4 

20             4.0 

2/19 

5,5,5,5,4 

24           4.8 

2,4,4,3,4 

17             3.4 

2/24 

5,4,3,5,4 

21           4.2 

5,5,5,5,5 

25             5 

2/25 

4,5,5,4,3 

21           4.2 

4,4,3,3,4 

18             3.6 

3/2 

4,4,5,5,4 

22           4.4 

5,4,4,6,5 

24            4.8 

3/3 

4,4,5,5,5 

23           4.6 

5,4,4,6,5 

24             4.8 

3/4 

4,4,4,6,5 

23           4.6 

5.4,5,6,3 

23             4.6 

Total 

229         45.2 

211           42.2 

Average 

5 

22.9       4.52 

21.1         4.22 

The  normal  in  this  case  also  shows  an  increase 
of  20.52  per  cent  over  that  found  in  the  five  ex- 
periments, due  no  doubt  to  greater  experience  in 
handling  the  foil. 

The  average  after  smoking  of  4.22  shows  a 
small  loss  of  7.86  per  cent  in  precision.  All 
results  considered,  smoking  seemingly  had  very 
little  effect  on  precision  in  the  case  of  Mr.  B. 

Mr.  C.  NON-SMOKER— blank  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total         Av. 

Score 

Total          Av. 

1/19 

11,11 

22            11 

17,13,14 

44           14.66 

1/21 

9,12 

21           10.6 

15,18,13 

46           15.33 

1/22 

16,12 

28           14 

14,9,10 

33           11 

1/26 

10,6 

16             8 

16,9,10 

35           11.66 

1/27 

10,9 

19             9.6 
106           53 

10,9,13 

32           10.66 

Total 

190           63.33 

Average 

21.2       10.6 

38           12. Co 

114     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

The  results  here  show  a  normal  of  12.665,  an 
average  number  of  errors  after  exercise  of  21.77 
per  cent,  showing  an  increase  of  20.36  per  cent 
in  precision  after  exercise. 


Mb. 

C.  NON-SMOKER- 

-BLANK  TEST 

Befobe  Smoking 

Afteb  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total         Av. 

Score 

Total           Av. 

1/28 

6,6 

12            6 

7,5,14 

26           8.66 

1/30 

9,7 

16            8 

9,8,6 

23           7.66 

2/2 

4,3 

7            3.5 

9,11,7 

27          9 

2/4 

7,11 

18            9 

12,7,14 

33         11 

2/10 

10,8 

18            9 

10,8,7 

25           8.33 

2/11 

12,12 

24           12 

7,9,14 

30         10 

2/16 

10,9 

19            9.5 

13,7,6 

26          8.66 

2/17 

7.11 

18            9 

6,6,12 

24           8 

2/25 

8,10 

18            9 

6,13,10 

29          9.66 

3/2 

9,6 

15            7.6 

166          82.6 

12,12,22 

46         15.33 

Total 

289        96.33 

Average 

16.6        8.25 

28.9      9.63 

The  normal  of  8.25  shows  an  increase  in  pre- 
cision of  20.67  per  cent  over  normal,  which  is 
probably  due  to  greater  experience  with  the  foil 
rather  than  any  effect  of  the  tobacco. 

The  result  of  the  averages  taken  directly  after 
smoking  shows  a  loss  of  16.76  per  cent.  In  this 
test  Mr.  C.  appeared  very  erratic,  showing  a 
gain  in  five  of  the  experiments  and  a  loss  in  the 
other  five,  the  losses  exceeding  the  gains  by  1.383. 


NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION         115 

Mr.  C.  NON-SMOKER— target  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Befobe  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

1/19 

3,4,4,4,5 

20 

4 

3,3,4,2,4 

16 

3.2 

1/21 

4,4,3,5,4 

20 

4 

4,4,4,3,3 

18 

3.6 

1/22 

3,3,4,6,4 

20 

4 

3,4,3,4,4 

18 

3.6 

1/26 

3,3,4,6,5 

21 

4.2- 

3,4,5,5,4 

21 

4.2 

1/27 

5,3,5,4,5, 

23 

104 

4.6 

4,4,4,5,4 

21 
94 

4.2 

Total 

20.8 

18.8 

Average 

10.4 

4.16 

18.8 

3.76 

The  normal  here  is  4.16  and  the  average  after 
exercise  3.76,  showing  a  loss  in  physical  precision 
of  9.61  per  cent. 


Me.  C 

.  NON-SMOKER- 

-TARGET 

TEST 

Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/28 

4,3,4,5,5 

21 

4.2 

6,4,3,3,4 

20 

4 

1/30 

4,3,4,4,4 

19 

3.8 

3,6,5,5,4 

23 

4.6 

2/2 

4,5,6,4,5 

24 

4.8 

2,3,5,5,4 

19 

3.8 

2/4 

4,5,6,6,6 

27 

5.4 

2,4,4,3,4 

17 

3.4 

2/10 

4,4,4,4,4 

20 

4 

3,4,3,3,5 

18 

3.6 

2/11 

4,4,4,5,3 

20 

4 

1,3,4,2,2 

12 

2.4 

2/16 

4,4,3,5,5 

21 

4.2 

3,3,5,4,4 

19 

3.8 

2/17 

6,4,4,3,4 

21 

4.2 

3,4,4,4,5 

20 

4 

2/25 

6,3,4,6,5 

24 

4.8 

2,4,5,4,3 

18 

3.6 

3/2 

4,5,4,6,4 

23 
220 

4.6 

4,5,4,4,5 

22 

188 

4.4 

Total 

44 

37.6 

Average 

22 

4.4 

18.8 

3.76 

In  this  test  the  normal,  4.4,  shows  an  increase 
in  precision  over  the  normal  of  5.76  per  cent.  The 
individual  experiments,  with  one  exception,  show 
a  loss  in  every  case,  the  average  being  3.76,  giv- 
ing a  loss  of  15.38  per  cent  after  smoking. 


116     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Mr. 

D. 

NON-SMOKER- 

-BLANK  TEST  WITH 

:  EXERCISE 

Befobe  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Dat€ 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/22 

12,14 

26 

13 

6,10,5 

21 

7 

1/26 

4,  5 

9 

4.5 

6,6,5 

17 

6.66 

1/28 

4,  4 

8 

4 

5,4,6 

15 

6 

2/2 

8,  6 

14 

7 

4.6,7 

17 

5.66 

2/4 

10,10 

20 

77 

10 

10,6,6 

22 

92 

7.33 

Total 

38.5 

30.66 

Average 

15.4 

7.7 

18.4 

6.132 

The  results  here  show  a  normal  of  7.7  and  an 
average  number  of  errors  after  exercise  of  6.132, 
showing  an  increase  of  20.36  per  cent  in  pre- 
cision after  exercise. 


Mr.  D. 

NON-SMOKER- 

-BLANK  TEST 

Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

2/8 

9,7 

16 

8 

11.6,7 

24 

8 

2/11 

9,9 

18 

9 

9.7,8 

24 

8 

2/17 

7,6 

13 

6.6 

8,8,13 

29 

9.66 

3/3 

7.7 

14 

7 

9,7,7 

23 

7.66 

3/30 

3.7 

10 
71 

5 

12,4,6 

22 

7.33 

Total 

35.5 

122 

40.66 

Averagt 

e 

14.2 

7.1 

24.4 

8.13 

With  the  exception  of  the  first  experiment  we 
find  a  decided  loss  in  accuracy  throughout  this 
test.  The  average  of  8.132  after  smoking  shows  a 
loss  of  14.53  per  cent  in  physical  precision. 

Mr.  D.  seemed  to  enjoy  the  first  cigar,  but  gen- 
erally found  that  the  second  was  too  much. 


NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION 


117 


It  may  be  significant  to  note  that  no  loss  in 
precision  was  registered  until  the  second  smoking 
experiment  on  Feb.  11th. 

Mr.  D.  non-smoker— target  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Befoee  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total           Av. 

1/22 

6,5,5,5,5 

26 

5.2 

6,5,4,4,5 

24            4.8 

1/26 

3,6,4,5,6 

24 

4.8 

6,4,5,4,4 

23            4.6 

1/28 

4,5,4,4,5 

22 

4.4 

3,3,4,4,5 

19             3.8 

2/2 

6,4,5,4,4 

23 

4.6 

3,5,4,5,4 

21             4.2 

2/4 

6,5,4,5,6 

26 
121 

5.2 

5,6,5,3,4 

23             4.6 

Total 

24.2 

110             22 

Averag 

e 

24.2 

4.84 

22             4.4 

The  average  of  4.4  after  exercise  shows  a  loss 
of  9.09  per  cent  over  the  normal  of  4.84. 


Mr.  D.  NON-SMOKER— TARGET  TEST 


Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

i 

Ind 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

2/8 

5,4,4,6,4 

23 

4.6 

4,4,4,4,4 

20 

4 

2/11 

4,6,6,5,4 

25 

5 

2,5,4,4,4 

19 

3.8 

2/17 

5,3,4,5,4 

21 

4.2 

3,3,3,4,3 

16 

3.2 

3/3 

4,3,5,6,3 

23 

4.6 

3,3,5,4,4 

19 

3.8 

3/30 

4,6,5,6,5 

26 

5.2 

3,3,3,4,2 

15 
89 

3 

Total 

118 

23.6 

17.8 

Average 

23.6 

4.72 

17  .'8 

3.56 

In  this  test  Mr.  D.  showed  a  decided  loss  in 
every  experiment.  The  average  of  3.56  after 
smoking  shows  a  loss  of  24.57  per  cent  in  physical 
precision. 


118     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Mk. 

E. 

NON-SMOKER- 
Before  Exercse 

-BLANK 

TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 
After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/18 

10,20 

30 

15 

15,21,20 

56 

18.66 

1/30 

13,10 

23 

11.5 

13,15,12 

40 

13.33 

2/2 

6,12 

18 

9 

10,12,10 

32 

10.66 

2/4 

10,8 

18 

9 

8,10,16 

34 

11.33 

2/8 

6,4 

10 
99 

5 

7,4,4 

15 

5 

Total 

49.5 

178 

59 

Average 

19.8 

9.9 

35.6 

11.80 

The  tables  here  show  a  normal  of  9.9  and  an 
average  loss  of  19.19  per  cent  in  physical  pre- 
cision. 

Mr.  E.  non-smoker— blank  TEST 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date             Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

2/19                 6,8 

14 

7 

13,7,4 

24 

8 

3/8                 12,6 

18 

9 

6,13,8 

27 

9 

4/16                  4,5 

9 

4.5 

5,9,9 

23 

7.66 

4/21                  8,6 

14 

7 

8,10,11 

29 

9.66 

4/24                   1,2 

3 

58 

1.5 

3,6,7 

16 
119 

5.33 

Total 

29 

39.65 

Average 

11.6 

5.8 

23.6 

7.93 

The  normal  of  5.8  in  this  table  shows  an  im- 
provement of  31.31  per  cent  over  normal,  prob- 
ably due  to  greater  experience. 

Each  individual  experiment  shows  a  loss  in 
physical  precision  and  the  average  score  of  7.932 
gives  a  loss  of  36.75  per  cent  for  the  entire  test. 


NEURO-MUSCULAE  PRECISION 


119 


Mr.  E.  non-smoker— target  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total          Av. 

1/18 

2,3,3,4,4 

16 

3.2 

2,4,3,5,3 

17            3.4 

1/30 

5,5,4,4,4 

22 

4.4 

4,5,4,3,5 

21             4.2 

2/2 

4,4,4,4,6 

22 

4.4 

4,2,6,4,5, 

21             4.2 

2/4 

4,4,4,4,7 

23 

4.6 

6,5,3,4,4 

21             4.2 

2/8 

0,0,0,0,0 

15 
98 

3 

6.3,4.3.4 

20             4.0 

Total 

19.6 

100             20 

Averag 

es 

19.6 

3.92 

20               4 

We  here  have  a  normal  of  3.92  with  an  average 
score  4.0  after  exercise,  showing  an  increase  of 
2.04  per  cent  for  the  test. 

Mr.  E.  non-smoker— TARGET  TEST 


Before  Sw 

[OKING 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

2/19 

3,3,3,4,4 

17 

3.4 

3,2,4,3,2 

14 

2.8 

3/8 

2,2,5,4,4 

17 

3.4 

4,3,3,4,3 

17 

3.4 

4/16 

3,3,4,5,5 

20 

4.0 

2,3,2,3,3 

13 

2.6 

4/21 

4,4,3,3,3 

17 

3.4 

3,5,6,3,3 

20 

4 

4/24 

3,4,4,6,4 

21 
92 

4.2 

3,6,3,2,3 

17 
81 

3.4 

Total 

18.4 

16.2 

Average 

18.4 

3.68 

16.2 

3.24 

The  results  here  give  a  normal  of  3.68  and  an 
average  score  after  smoking  of  3.24.  The  loss  in 
physical  precision  for  this  test  is  12.5  per  cent. 


Mr. 

F. 

non-smoker- 

Before  Exercise 

-BLANK 

TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/19 

4,5 

9 

4.5 

7.5,4 

16 

5.33 

1/27 

9,7 

16 

8 

5.4,4 

13 

4.33 

1/28 

7,6 

13 

6.5 

4.2.3 

9 

3 

2/9 

3,3 

6 

3 

2,5,4 

11 

3.66 

2/10 

4.5 

9 
63 

4.5 
26.5 

4,3,5 

12 
61 

4 

Total 

20.33 

Averai 

ge 

10.6 

5.3 

12.2 

4.066 

120     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

The  result  of  observation  in  this  test  gives  a 
normal  of  5.3  and  an  average  of  4.066  for  number 
of  errors  after  exercise.  This  gives  an  increase 
in  precision  of  23.28  per  cent  after  exercise. 

Mr.  F.  non-smoker— blank  TEST 


Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av, 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

2/11 

3.4 

7 

3.5 

4,3,5 

12 

4 

2/17 

2,3 

5 

2.5 

3,3,1 

7 

2.33 

3/3 

3,1 

4 

2 

1,3,4 

8 

2.66 

4/2 

4.4 

8 

4 

6,5,4 

15 

5 

4/6 

7,7 

14 

38 

7 
19 

3,3,9 

15 
57 

5 

Total 

19 

Average 

7.6 

3.8 

10.4 

3.8 

The  tables  here  show  the  score  before  and  after 
smoking  to  be  the  same,  which  means  that  there 
was  no  immediate  change  directly  after  smoking. 
But  this  normal  of  3.8  when  compared  with  the 
normal  of  5.3  in  Form  I,  taken  the  week  before 
Mr.  F.  started  to  smoke,  shows  a  decrease  in  pre- 
cision of  28.30  per  cent. 

Mr.  F.  non-smoker— TARGET  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 
Before  Exercise  After  Exercise 

Ind.  Ind. 

Date  Score        Total        Av.  Score  Total  Av. 


1/19 

4,3,5,5,4 

21 

4.2 

4,4,4,3,4 

19 

3.8 

1/27 

6,3,6,6,6 

27 

5.4 

4,4,5,5,5 

23 

4.6 

1/28 

6,4,3,4,5 

21 

4.2 

5,4,5,5,6 

25 

5 

2/9 

5,5,5,6,6 

27 

5.4 

3,4,6,5,5 

23 

4.6 

2/10 

6,4,5,5,4 

24 

4.8 

5,6,4,3,4 

22 

4.4 

Total 

120 

24 

112 

22.4 

Average 

5 

24 

4.8 

22.4 

4.48 

NEUROMUSCULAR  PRECISION 


121 


We  here  have  a  normal  of  4.8  with  an  average 
score  of  4.48  after  exercise,  showing  a  loss  of  6.66 
per  cent  for  this  test. 


Mr.  F.  non-smoker— target  TEST 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

2/11 

5,4,5,5,5 

24 

4.8 

4,5,4,5,4 

22 

4.4 

2/17 

5,4,5,5,5 

24 

4.8 

4,4,5,5,4 

22 

4.4 

3/3 

4,5,5,5,4 

23 

4.6 

4,5,4,6,4 

23 

4.6 

4/2 

5,4,4,5,4 

22 

4.4 

4,3,3,4,3 

17 

3.4 

4/6 

4,5,6,4,4 

23 

4.6 

4,4,3,5,5 

21 
105 

4.2 

Total 

116 

23.2 

21 

Averag 

e 

23.2 

4.64 

21 

4.2 

The  tables  here  give  a  normal  4.64  and  an  aver- 
age after  smoking  of  4.2,  resulting  in  a  loss  of 
9.47  per  cent. 


Mr.  G.  non-smoker— blank  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 
Before  Exercise  After  Exercise 


Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

1/21 

13,14 

27 

13.5 

12,13,12 

37 

12.33 

1/22 

10,12 

22 

11 

9,4,8 

21 

7 

1/26 

6,6 

12 

6 

10,8,12 

30 

10 

2/9 

4,7 

11 

6.5 

8,6,7 

21 

7 

2/10 

4,6 

10 

82 

6 
41 

3,6,8 

17 
126 

5.66 

Total 

42 

Average 

16.4 

8.2 

25.2 

8.4 

The  normal  here  of  8.2  and  average  score  after 
exercise  of  8.4  shows  an  increase  of  2.04  per  cent 
after  exercise. 


122     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

Mb.  G.  non-smoker— blank  TEST 
Before  Smoking  After  Smoking 


Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

2/17 

8.2 

10 

5 

10,10,8 

28 

9.33 

3/3 

2.8 

10 

5 

5,8,7 

20 

3.66 

3/31 

7,8 

15 

7.5 

9,8,8 

25 

8.33 

4/2 

13.8 

21 

10.5 

16,15,13 

44 

14.66 

4/6 

6,7 

13 
69 

6.5 

34.5 

13,13,13 

39 

13 

Total 

156 

49 

Average 

13.8 

6.9 

31,2 

9.8 

Every  individual  observation  here  shows  a 
marked  decrease  in  precision.  The  total  average 
of  9.8  after  smoking  when  compared  with  the 
normal  of  6.9  shows  a  decrease  of  42.03  per  cent. 

After  the  first  experiment  Mr.  G.  refused  to 
smoke  more  than  one  cigar,  owing  to  the  nauseat- 
ing effect  they  produced. 

Mr.  G.  non-smoker— target  TEST  WITH  EXERCISE 


Before  Exercise 

After  Exercise 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av, 

1/21 

4,4,3,6,5 

22 

4.4 

3,3,3,4,2 

15 

3 

1/22 

3,4,4,5,5 

21 

4.2 

4,3,4,5,4 

20 

4 

1/26 

6,3,5,4,5 

23 

4.6 

3,5,4,4,5 

21 

4.2 

2/9 

6,5,4,4,4 

22 

4.4 

5.4,4,3,5 

21 

4.2 

2/10 

4,4,4,6,5 

23 

4.6 

5,6,6,4,3 

24 
101 

4.8 

Total 

111 

22.2 

20.2 

Average 

22.2 

4.44 

20.2 

4.04 

The  normal  here  of  4.44  when  compared  with 
the  average  of  4.04  registered  after  exercise  shows 
an  increase  of  9  per  cent  in  precision. 


NEURO-MUSCULAE  PRECISION 


123 


Mr.  G. 

NON-SMOKER- 

-TARGET  TEST 

Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Ind. 

Ind. 

Date 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

Score 

Total 

Av. 

2/17 

4,5,4,4,4 

21 

4.2 

4,3,4,3,4 

18 

3.6 

3/3 

4,5,4,5,4 

22 

4.4 

5,5,4,4,4 

22 

4.4 

3/31 

3,6,4,5,4 

22 

4.4 

5,4,3,3,3 

18 

3.6 

4/2 

5,4,3,5,6 

23 

4.6 

3,5,4,3,4 

19 

3.8 

4/6 

4,4,4,4,4 

20 

4 

3,4,3,4,4 

18 
95 

3.6 

Total 

108 

21.6 

19 

Average 

21.6 

4.32 

19 

3.8 

With  one  exception  where  there  was  no  change, 
a  loss  was  registered  in  each  experiment.  The 
results  give  a  normal  of  4.32  and  an  average  after 
smoking  of  3.8,  showing  a  loss  of  12.03  per  cent 
in  physical  precision  after  smoking. 

These  results  would  further  tend  to  intensify 
the  evils  found  in  the  Blank  Test,  especially  since 
they  are  produced  after  the  use  of  only  one  cigar. 


PART  IV 

THE  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING  ON 
ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING 

Experimental  Work  by 

WILLIAM  A.  LANG 

International  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  College, 

Springfield,  Mass.,  1916 


IV 

The  Effects  of  Smoking  on  Accuracy  in  Base- 
ball Pitching 

The  results  of  the  precision  studies  by  Blickley 
suggested  the  desirability  of  studying  other  gross 
muscular  coordinations.  If  the  accuracy  of  lung- 
ing at  a  target  with  a  fencing  foil  is  disturbed  by 
smoking,  then  many  of  our  muscular  coordina- 
tions in  practical  and  industrial  life,  as  well  as 
in  our  sports,  must  be  affected.  We  are  particu- 
larly interested,  however,  in  boys  and  there  is 
probably  no  activity  dearer  to  the  American  boy's 
heart  than  throwing  a  baseball.  This  study  was 
of  peculiar  interest  to  Mr.  Lang,  as  he  was  him- 
self a  baseball  pitcher  and  a  smoker.  It  may  at 
least  be  said  that  he  was  not  anxious  to  secure 
the  results  which  developed. 

The  smoking  was  done  in  the  smoking  labora- 
tory used  for  the  other  experiments,  and  the 
throwing  was  done  in  the  gymnasium  beneath. 
Twelve  men  were  chosen,  smokers  and  non- 
smokers,  for  the  experiments,  all  of  them  ball 
players.  Official  league  baseballs  were  used.  The 
target  was  a  padded  block,  five  feet  square,  with 

127 


128     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

a  bull's  eve  one  foot  in  diameter,  surrounded  by 
concentric  circles  six  inches  apart.  This  was 
suspended  at  such  a  height  that  the  bull's  eye 
would  be  approximately  at  the  height  of  an  ordi- 
nary man's  shoulder.  The  distance  of  the  throw 
was  sixty  feet.  An  outline  of  the  method  of 
procedure  for  each  test  follows : 

OUTLINE  OF  PROCEDUEE 

Test  A  (One  Cigar) 

1.  Arrival  at  the  gymnasium  about  6 :30  P.  M. 

2.  Three  trial  throws  at  the  target,  not  re- 
corded. 

3.  Record  ten  throws  at  the  target,  distance 
60  ft. 

4.  Retire  to  a  special  room  to  smoke. 

5.  Smoke  one  cigar  in  thirty  minutes. 

6.  Return  to  gymnasium  about  7 :15  p.  m. 

7.  Three  trial  throws  at  the  target,  not  re- 
corded. 

8.  Record  ten  throws  at  the  target,  distance 
60  ft. 

Test  B   (Two  Cigars) 

1.  Same  as  in  Test  A. 

2.  No  trial  throws  at  the  target. 

3.  Same  as  in  Test  A. 

4.  Same  as  in  Test  A. 

5.  Smoke  two  cigars  in  sixty  minutes. 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   129 

6.  Keturn  to  the  gymnasium  about  7 :30  P.  M. 

7.  No  trial  throws  at  the  target. 

8.  Same  as  in  Test  A. 

Test  C  (No  Smoking) 

1.  Arrival  at  the  gymnasium  about  6 :30  p.  m. 

2.  Three  trial  throws  at  the  target,  distance 
60  ft. 

3.  Record  ten  throws  at  the  target. 

4.  Thirty-mdnute  interval. 

5.  Three  trial  throws  at  the  target. 

6.  Record  ten  throws  at  the  target. 

Method  of  Scoring  Balls  Thrown  at  the  Tar- 
get 

1.  5  points  if  the  ball  hits  the  bulPs-eye. 

2.  4  points  if  the  ball  hits  the  inner  circle. 

3.  3  points  if  the  ball  hits  the  middle  circle. 

4.  2  points  if  the  ball  hits  the  outer  circle. 

5.  1  point  if  the  ball  hits  outside  the  outer 
circle. 

6.  No  points  if  the  ball  fails  to  hit  the  target. 

Style  of  Throv^ing  the  Ball  at  the  Target 

1.  Fast  straight  balls  are  requested. 

2.  Any  windup  or  delivery  may  be  used. 

3.  Mat  used  to  prevent  slipping  while  throw- 
ing. 

The  following  is  given  to  illustrate  the  rec- 
ord of  the  tests  taken  on  one  day,  for  Test  A.  The 
complete  set  of  daily  records  will  be  found  in  the 


130     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


appendix  to  Part  IV.  A  sample  is  also  given 
of  the  records  of  each  individual  man.  These 
also  appear  in  the  appendix. 


Mr.  M. 
Mr.  E. 
Mr.  P. 
Mr.  F. 
Mr.  A. 
Mr.  B. 
Mr.  C. 


TEST  A— (One  cigar) 
Monday  April  10,  1916 
Throws 
6      7      : 


10    Totals 
4         27 


29 
30 
36 
35 
27 
31 


The  above  scores  were  made  before  smoking. 

The  following  scores  were  made  after  smoking  one  cigar. 


Mr.  M. 
Mr.  E. 
Mr.  P. 
Mr.  F. 
Mr.  A. 
Mr.  B. 
Mr.  C. 


8       9     10    Totals 


26 
33 
20 
30 

28 
28 
18 


The  average  scores  made  before  smoldng  are 
The  average  scores  made  after  smoking  are 
There  is  a  decrease  after  smoking  of 


30.71 

26.14 

4.57 


INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  M.— GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 

Date          Test       Before  Smoking       After  Smoking  Loss    Gain 

26  1 

26  7 
25  9 

27  2 
27  8 


4-10-16 

A 

27 

4-11-16 

A 

32 

4-12-16 

A 

34 

4-13-16 

A 

25 

4-14-16 

A 

35 

4-17-16 

B 

35 

4-18-16 

B 

33 

4-20-16 

B 

35 

4-21-16 

B 

34 

4-24-16 

B 

30 

4-25-16 

B 

39 

4-26-16 

B 

31 

4-27-16 

B 

26 

4-28-16 

B 

32 

30 

6 

27 

6 

25 

10 

23 

11 

27 

3 

29 

10 

27 

4 

24 

1 

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6 

ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   131 


Before  Delay 

After  Delay 

6-1-16 

C 

26 

28 

2 

6-2-16 

C 

30 

31 

1 

5-3-16 

C 

30 

36 

6 

Mr.  M.  is  a  baseball  player,  having  had  consid- 
erable experience  as  a  pitcher.  He  smokes  from 
ten  to  twenty  cigarettes  a  day  and  in  our  com- 
parisons is  therefore  termed  a  smoker.  During 
these  experiments  he  was  requested  to  refrain 
from  using  cigarettes  at  any  time,  and  to  use  only 
the  cigars  prescribed. 

The  graphic  record  of  each  man's  performance 
before  and  after  smoking  follows.  Notice  that  in 
Test  C  where  the  broken  line  (after  smoking) 
usually  run  above  the  solid  line  (before  smoking) 
there  was  no  smoking  in  the  experiment — merely 
a  wait  of  30  minutes.  This  indicates  that  from 
the  conditions  of  the  experiment  it  would  be  fair 
to  assume  that,  except  for  the  smoking,  the 
broken  line  would  always  be  above  the  solid  line. 
The  last  chart  gives  the  group  averages  before 
and  after  smoking. 


132     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Mr.  a.     Chart  Showing  Totals  Before  and 
After  Smoking 

Test  A  Test  B  Test  C 


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.Before  Smoking       ^. 


.After  Smoking 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   133 


Mr.  B.     Chart  Showing  Totals  Before  and 
After  Smoking 

Test  A  Test  B  Test  C 


APR. 

10 

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.Befobe  Smoking      -«-.».^«^.. After  Smoking 


134     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Mr.  C.     Chart  Showing  Totals  Before  and 
After  Smoking 


Test  A 

10      11      12      13      14 

TestB 

17     18     20     21     24     25 

28 

Test  C 

1       2       3       may! 

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.After  Smoking 


ACCUEACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   135 

Mr.  D.    Chart  Showing  Totals  Before  and 
After  Smoking 

Test  A  Test  B  Test  C 


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.—^After  Smoking 


136     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

Mr.  M.     Chart  Showing  Totals  Before  and 
After  Smoking 


Test  A 


Test  B 


Test  C 


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.Before  Smoking     —i«.-i^«- After  Smoking 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING    137 


Mr.  p.    Chart  Showing  Totals  Before  and 
After  Smoking 


AR8> 

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.Before  Smoking 


.After  Smoking 


138     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Mr.  R.     Chart  Showing  Totals  Before  and 
After  Smoking 

Test  A  Test  B  Test  C 


APR. 

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.Before  Smoking      —.»-.—i—. After  Smoking 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   L39 


Mr.  S.     Chart  Showing  Totals  Before  and 
After  Smoking 


APR. 

10 

Test  A 

11     12     13 

I? 

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29, 

Pest  B 

21     24     25 

26 

27 

28 

Test  C 

1_     2       3       MAtl 

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.After  Smoking 


140     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Chart  Showing  Group  Averages  Before  and 
After  Smoking 

Test  A  Test  B  Test  C 


APR- 

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.Before  Smoking 


.—-.—■After  Smoking 


Chart  shows  result  of  113  individual  experi- 
ments.    Experiment  consists  of  throwing  ten 
baseballs  at  a  target  before  smoking  and  after 
smoking.     1,130  baseballs  thrown  before  smok- 
ing and  1,130  thrown  after  smoking. 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   141 

COMPARISON  OF  AVERAGES  BETWEEN  SMOKERS  AND 
NON-SMOKERS 

Test  A 


Smokers 

Non-Smokers 

Before 

After 

Before 

After 

Smoking 

Smoking 

Smoking 

Smoking 

Mr. 

M. 

30.60 

26.00 

Mr. 

A. 

31.20 

27.00 

Mr. 

P. 

32.20 

27.20 

Mr. 

B. 

29.20 

28.20 

Mr. 

R. 

36.50 

26.00 

Mr. 

C. 

31.40 

24.20 

Mr. 

S. 

34.00 

29.50 

Averages         33.30         29.68  30.60         26.47 

You  will  notice  that  the  smokers  have  a  higher 
average  both  before  and  after  smoking,  which  is 
not  an  indication,  however,  that  it  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  they  are  smokers.  You  will  also  notice 
that  the  average  is  a  little  lower  after  smoking 
for  the  non-smokers  than  for  the  smokers,  prob- 
ably because  they  were  affected  more  by  the  smok- 
ing, yet  the  difference  is  so  slight  that  we  can 
say  that  both  smokers  and  non-smokers  are  af- 
fected to  the  same  degree,  a  conclusion  also 
reached  by  Dowling.  In  addition,  the  smokers 
are  rated  as  better  ball  players,  w^hich  has  some 
bearing  on  the  score  averages. 

The  average  of  the  smokers  is  lower  after  smok- 
ing by  3.62  points,  and  the  average  of  the  non- 
smokers  is  lower  by  4.13  points  for  this  test.  This 
is  a  very  significant  fact  and  thus  far  it  seems  as 
if  the  smoking  positively  did  affect  the  throwing 
of  these  men. 

The  above  averages  are  the  results  of  thirty- 


142     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

one  indiyidual   experiments   during  which  310 
baseballs  Avere  thrown  at  the  target,  both  before 


and  after  smoking. 

Test  B 

Smokebs 

Non-Smokers 

Before        After 

Before        After 

Smoking    Smoking 

Smoking    Smoking 

Mr.  M.             32.66         26.55 

Mr. 

A. 

32.66         30.33 

Mr.  P.              31.50         29.25 

Mr. 

B. 

32.44         27.77 

Mr.  R.             39.87         33.62 

Mr. 

C. 

32.00         25.20 

Mr.  S.              34.55         26.55 

Mr. 

D. 

39.20         28.80 

Averages         34.64        28.99  34.04        28.03 

The  average  of  the  smokers  both  before  and 
after  smoking  is  higher  than  that  of  the  non- 
smokers,  as  it  was  in  test  A.  The  average  of  the 
non-smokers  is  affected,  after  smoking,  a  little 
more  than  the  smokers'  averages. 

The  average  of  the  smokers  is  lower  after  smok- 
ing by  5.65  points  and  that  of  the  non-smokers 
by  6.01  points.  During  this  test  the  men  smoked 
two  cigars  before  throwing  the  second  set  of  ten 
balls  at  the  target,  and  the  averages  both  before 
and  after  smoking  show  a  wider  difference  than 
in  test  A,  during  which  only  one  cigar  was 
smoked.  This  seems  to  show  that  the  greater 
amount  of  tobacco  smoked  before  the  tests  causes 
a  greater  lack  of  control  when  pitching. 

The  above  averages  are  the  results  of  sixty-one 
individual  experiments  during  which  610  base- 
balls were  thrown  both  before  and  after  smoking. 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   143 

Test  C  (Without  Smoking) 


Smokers 

NON-SMOKi 

2RS 

Before 

After 

Before 

After 

Delay 

Delay 

Delay 

Delay 

Mr.  M. 

28.66 

31.66 

Mr.  A. 

31.00 

31.67 

Mr.  P. 

31.66 

34.33 

Mr.  B. 

31.66 

34.66 

Mr.  R. 

32.67 

38.33 

Mr.  C. 

32.33 

38.67 

Mr.  S. 

31.33 

32.00 

. 

Averages         31.08         34.08  31.66         35.00 

During  this  test  there  was  no  smoking.  Each 
of  the  men  would  throw  ten  baseballs  at  the  tar- 
get, wait  about  thirty  minutes,  which  is  equal  to 
the  time  taken  in  smoking  a  cigar,  and  then 
throw  ten  more  baseballs  at  the  target.  The  aver- 
ages of  the  smokers  and  non-smokers  are  about 
the  same,  but,  unlike  the  other  tests  in  which 
there  was  smoking,  the  averages  after  the  delay 
were  actually  increased,  probably  due  to  the  ab- 
sence of  the  effects  of  smoking. 

The  above  averages  are  the  results  of  twenty- 
one  individual  experiments  during  which  210 
baseballs  were  thrown  at  the  target  and  after  a 
delay  of  30  minutes  210  more. 

GROUP  CONCLUSIONS  OF  TEST  A 
On  April  10,  1916,  seven  experiments  were  con- 
ducted.   Five  men  made  lower  scores  after  smok- 
ing one  cigar  and  two  men  made  better  scores. 

On  April  11,  1916,  eight  experiments  were 
conducted.  Five  men  made  lower  scores  after 
smoking  one  cigar,  two  men  made  better  scores, 
and  one  man  tied  his  score. 


144     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

On  April  12,  1916,  eight  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. All  of  the  men  made  lower  scores  after 
smoking  one  cigar. 

On  April  13, 1916,  seven  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Six  men  made  better  scores  before  smok- 
ing one  cigar  and  one  man  made  a  better  score 
after  smoking. 

On  April  14, 1916,  seven  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Two  men  made  lower  scores  after  smok- 
ing one  cigar,  four  men  made  better  scores  after 
smoking,  and  one  man  tied  his  score. 

During  the  five  days  that  the  experiments  were 
conducted  eleven  men  took  part.  In  all  thirty- 
seven  scores  were  made  before  smoking  and  the 
same  number  after.  The  number  of  scores  that 
were  bettered  after  smoking  was  nine,  two  tied, 
and  twenty-six  made  lower  scores  after  smoking. 

The  group  averages  for  each  day  show  that  on 
four  days  the  average  score  was  lower  after  smok- 
ing than  before,  and  one  day  the  average  score 
was  better  after  smoking  than  before. 


Average  Scores 

Average  Scores 

Average 

Date 

Before  Smoking 

After  Smoking 

Loss 

4-10-16 

30.70 

26.14 

4.56 

4-11-16 

24.75 

24.12 

0.63 

4-12-16 

34.28 

28.42 

5.86 

4-13-16 

34.00 

28.14 

5.86 

4-14-16  32.28  32.84         gain—  0.56 

The  average  score  before  smoking  for  the  week  is  31.20. 
The  average  score  after  smoking  for  the  week  is  27.73. 
The  average  loss  after  smoking  for  the  week  is  3.47. 


ACCUKACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   145 

GKOUP  CONCLUSIONS  OF  TEST  B 

On  April  17,  1916,  eight  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. All  of  the  eight  men  made  lower  records 
after  smoking. 

On  April  18, 1916,  eight  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Seven  men  made  lower  scores  after 
smoking  the  two  cigars  and  one  man  did  better. 

On  April  20,  1916,  six  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Five  men  made  lower  scores  after  smok- 
ing and  one  man  made  a  higher  score. 

On  x4pril  21, 1916,  eight  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. All  of  the  eight  men  made  lower  scores 
after  smoking. 

On  April  24, 1916,  seven  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Three  men  made  lower  scores  after 
smoking,  three  men  made  higher  scores  after 
smoking  and  one  man  tied  his  score. 

On  April  25,  1916,  six  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Five  men  made  lower  scores  after  smok- 
ing and  one  man  made  a  higher  score. 

On  April  26,  1916,  six  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Five  men  made  lower  scores  after  smok- 
ing and  one  man  made  a  higher  score. 

On  April  27,  1916,  six  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Five  men  made  lower  scores  after  smok- 
ing and  one  man  made  a  higher  score. 

On  April  28,  1916,  six  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. All  of  the  six  men  made  lower  scores 
after  smoking. 


146     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


During  the  nine  days  that  the  experiments 
were  conducted  eight  men  took  part.  In  all 
sixty-one  scores  were  recorded  before  smoking 
and  sixty-one  after. 

Eight  scores  were  higher  after  smoking. 

One  score  was  tied  after  smoking. 

Fifty-two   scores   were  lower   after 
than  before. 


smoking 


Date 

4-17-16 

4-18-16 

4-20-16 

4-21-16 

4-24-16 

4-25-16 

4-26-16 

4-27-16 

4-28-16 

The  average 
is  34.05. 

The  average 
is  28.92. 

The  average 
5.13. 


Average  Scores      Average  Scores 


Before  Smoking 
36.25 
34.00 
34.66 
35.87 
34.70 
32.50 
33.50 
30.83 
34.17 


After  Smoking 
29.87 
30.25 
26.33 
26.37 
32.86 
28.16 
29.83 
27.17 
29.47 


Average 
Loss 
6.38 
3.75 
8.33 
9.50 
1.84 
3.34 
3.67 
3.66 
4.60 


score  before  smoking  for  the  above  nine  experiments 
score  after  smoking  for  the  above  nine  experiments 
loss  after  smoking  for  the  above  nine  experiments  is 


GROUP  CONCLUSIONS  OF  TEST  C 
On  May  1,  1916,  seven  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Five  men  made  better  scores  following 
the  thirty-minute  interval  during  which  there 
was  no  smoking,  and  two  men  tied  their  first 
scores. 

On  May  2,  1916,  seven  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Five  men  made  better  scores  following 
the  thirty-minute  interval  during  which  there 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   147 

was  no  smoking,  and  two  men  made  lower 
scores. 

On  May  3,  1916,  seven  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. Six  men  made  higher  scores  and  one 
man  made  a  lower  score  following  the  thirty  min- 
utes during  which  there  was  no  smoking. 

During  the  three  days  that  the  experiments 
were  conducted  seven  men  took  part. 

In  all  twenty-one  scores  were  recorded  before 
and  after  a  thirty-minute  interval,  which  time  is 
equivalent  to  that  occupied  in  smoking  a  cigar. 

Sixteen  scores  were  higher  after  the  30-minute 
delay.  Three  scores  were  lower  following  the  30- 
minute  delay.  Two  scores  were  tied  following 
the  30-minute  delay. 


Average  Scores 

Average  Scores 

Average 

Date 

Before  Thirty 

After  Thirty 

Gain 

Minute  Interval 

Minute  Interval 

6-1-16 

32.28 

35 .  14           gain- 

-  2.86 

5-2-16 

32.43 

34 .  14           gain- 

-  1.71 

5-3-16 

30.65 

34 .  14           gain- 

-  3.49 

The  average  score  before  the  thirty  minute  interval  is  31.79  for 
the  above  three  experiments. 

The  average  score  following  the  thirty  minute  interval  is  34.47 
for  the  above  three  experiments. 

The  average  gain  after  the  thirty  minute  interval  is  2.68  for  the 
above  three  experiments. 

FINAL  CONCLUSIONS 

In  test  A,  during  which  one  cigar  was  smoked, 
the  smokers  showed  a  loss  of  eleven  per  cent  in 
accuracy  when  pitching  a  baseball,  after  smoking. 

In  test  A,  during  which  one  cigar  was  smoked, 


148     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

the  non-smokers  showed  a  loss  of  thirteen  per 
cent  in  accuracy  when  pitching  a  baseball  at  a 
target,  after  smoking. 

The  non-smohers  show  an  increase  of  two  per 
cent  over  the  smokers  in  loss  of  accuracy,  after 
smoking. 

The  average  loss  in  accuracy  during  test  A  for 
both  smokers  and  non-smokers  is  twelve  per  cent, 
after  smoking. 

In  test  B,  during  which  two  cigars  were 
smoked,  the  smokers  showed  a  loss  of  eleven  per 
cent  in  accuracy  when  pitching  a  baseball  at  a 
target,  after  smoking. 

The  non-smokers  in  test  B  showed  a  loss  of 
eighteen  per  cent  in  accuracy  when  pitching, 
after  smoking. 

The  non-smokers  show  an  increase  of  seven  per 
cent  over  the  smokers  in  loss  of  accuracy  after 
smoking. 

The  average  loss  in  accuracy  after  smoking 
during  test  B,  for  both  smokers  and  non-smokers, 
is  fourteen  and  one  half  per  cent. 

In  test  C,  during  which  no  cigars  were  smoked, 
the  smokers  showed  an  increase  in  accuracy  of 
nine  per  cent  after  a  delay  of  thirty  minutes, 
equal  to  the  time  taken  in  smoking  a  cigar. 

In  test  C,  the  non-smokers  shotved  an  increase 
in  pitching  a  baseball  accurately,  without  smok- 
ing, of  ten  per  cent. 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   149 

The  non-smokers  showed  a  gain  of  one  per  cent 
over  the  smokers  in  accuracy  of  pitching. 

The  average  gain  in  accuracy  of  pitching  dur- 
ing test  0,  for  both  non-smokers  and  smokers,  is 
nine  and  one  half  per  cent. 

1.  The  foregoing  experiments  have  proven  con- 
clusively that  smoking  does  actually  reduce  a 
man's  accuracy  in  pitching  a  baseball. 

2.  The  smoking  of  a  single  cigar  will  affect  a 
man's  accuracy  in  pitching,  and  two  cigars  in- 
crease this  effect. 

3.  In  tests  during  which  there  was  no  smoking, 
the  men  improved  in  accuracy  of  pitching. 

The  individual  tables  are  given  in  the  appendix 
to  enable  the  interested  person  to  follow  the  ex- 
periments in  detail. 


150     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 
APPENDIX  TO  PART  IV 

TEST  A 
Monday,  April  10,  1916 
For  this  table,  see  page  130 


TEST  A 
Tuesday,  April  11,  1916 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M.      4 

0 

2 

5 

3 

5 

1 

4 

4 

4 

32 

Mr.  E.        4 

4 

3 

1 

3 

3 

4 

3 

4 

2 

31 

Mr.  P.        3 

2 

4 

3 

0 

3 

0 

5 

1 

0 

21 

Mr.  F.  Discontinued 

Mr.  A.        1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

0 

3 

5 

23 

Mr.  B.        1 

4 

3 

4 

4 

2 

2 

3 

5 

1 

29 

Mr.  C.        2 

2 

2 

1 

4 

3 

3 

4 

2 

5 

28 

Mr.  R.        1 

5 

4 

1 

1 

2 

5 

5 

4 

2 

30 

Mr.  I.         3 

4 

2 

1 

0 

3 

4 

4 

0 

2 

23 

The  above 

scores  were  ] 

aiade  before  smoking. 

The  follow 

ing 

scores  were  made  after  smoking 

one 

cigar. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M.      5 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

3 

5 

1 

3 

25 

Mr.  E.        4 

3 

3 

0 

4 

3 

3 

4 

2 

5 

29 

Mr.  P.        2 

3 

5 

2 

2 

1 

3 

1 

3 

3 

25 

Mr.  F.  Discontinued 

Mr.  A.        0 

3 

3 

2 

1 

3 

3 

2 

4 

2 

23 

Mr.  B.        0 

0 

0 

3 

3 

3 

3 

5 

3 

1 

21 

Mr.  C.        2 

1 

1 

4 

1 

4 

0 

1 

0 

2 

16 

Mr.  R.        1 

3 

3 

3 

5 

2 

1 

4 

2 

5 

29 

Mr.  I.         3 

4 

1 

4 

1 

0 

1 

5 

3 

3 

25 

The  average  score 

before  smoking  is 

27.12 

The  average  score 

after  smoking 

is 

24.12 

There  is  a 

decrease 

!  after  smoking 

:of 

3. 

TEST 

A 

Wednesda"s 

■,  April 

12,  : 

1916 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M.      2 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

1 

4 

4 

1 

34 

Mr.  E.  Discontinued 

Mr.  P.        3 

5 

4 

3 

3 

4 

5 

5 

4 

5 

41 

Mr.  A.        1 

3 

5 

3 

2 

2 

3 

4 

1 

5 

29 

Mr.  B.       2 

4 

5 

3 

2 

3 

4 

2 

4 

3 

32 

Mr.  C.       6 

4 

5 

2 

3 

5 

2 

5 

3 

1 

35 

Mr.  R.       4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

5 

5 

3 

3 

4 

39 

Mr.  I.  Discontinued 

Mr.  J.        4       4       2       14       4       13       3 
The  above  scores  were  made  before  smoking. 


30 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   151 

The  following  scores  were  made  after  smoking  one  cigar. 

123456789      10  Totals 

Mr.  M.       1       0       2       2       5       2       0       4  5       4  25 
Mr.  E.  Discontinued 

Mr.  P.        5       4       5       4       4       5       1       1  0       3  32 

Mr.  A.        4       1       3       4       2       4       2       3  1       2  26 

Mr.  B.        4       2       1       5       5       2       4       1  1       1  26 

Mr.  C.        2       2       3       3       1       4       4       2  1       3  25 

Mr.  R.       4       5       3       2       4       3       4       4  2       5  36 
Mr.  I.  Discontinued 

Mr.  J.        13       4      4       14       4       4  13  29 

The  average  score  made  before  smoking  is  34 .  28 

The  average  score  made  after  smoking  is  28 .  42 

There  is  a  decrease  after  smoking  of  5 .  86 


TEST  A 

Thursday, 

April  13,  1916 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Tota 

Mr.  M. 

1 

2 

4 

1 

3 

1 

3 

5 

0 

5 

25 

Mr.  P. 

4 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

3 

38 

Mr.  A. 

3 

4 

2 

5 

4 

0 

3 

5 

5 

3 

34 

Mr.  B. 

3 

4 

4 

1 

4 

2 

4 

3 

2 

3 

30 

Mr.  C. 

3 

3 

4 

5 

3 

2 

4 

4 

3 

4 

35 

Mr.  R.       4       3       4       4       5       3       5       4       5  4  41 

Mr.  J.        Absent 

Mr.  S.        6       2       4       4       4       1       2       5       3  5  35 

The  above  scores  were  made  before  smoking 

The  following  scores  were  made  after  smoking  one  cigar. 

123456789  10  Totals 

Mr.  M.      1       3       0       1       2       5       5       2       4  4  27 


Mr.  P. 

5 

3 

2 

1 

3 

1 

5 

2 

2 

2 

26 

Mr.  A. 

1 

0 

3 

2 

2 

1 

3 

5 

2 

3 

22 

Mr.  B. 

3 

4 

1 

2 

3 

2 

4 

2 

4 

1 

26 

Mr.  C. 

3 

4 

3 

3 

5 

5 

3 

2 

3 

3 

34 

Mr.  R. 

4 

2 

5 

2 

3 

5 

1 

4 

4 

4 

34 

Mr.  J. 

Absent 

Mr.  S. 

1 

3 

5 

3 

3 

4 

4 

1 

0 

4 

28 

The 

average  score 

made  before  s 

imoking  is 

34, 

.00 

The 

average  score 

made  after  smoking 

;  is 

28, 

,14 

There  is  a 

decrease  after  smokinj 

?of 

5 

.86 

152     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

TEST  A— Friday,  Ai^ril  14,  1916 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M. 

3 

4 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

5 

5 

3 

35 

Mr.  P. 

2 

4 

3 

1 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

1 

31 

Mr.  A. 

5 

4 

1 

5 

5 

5 

3 

1 

3 

3 

35 

Mr.  B. 

3 

2 

4 

3 

2 

2 

4 

3 

2 

3 

28 

Mr.  C. 

3 

3 

2 

3 

1 

4 

2 

4 

2 

4 

28 

Mr.  R. 

3 

2 

3 

3 

5 

2 

5 

4 

5 

4 

36 

Mr.  J. 

Absent. 

Discontinued 

Mr.  S. 

4 

3 

4 

3 

3 

4 

2 

4 

2 

4 

33 

The  above 

■  scores  •' 

svere 

made  before  smoking. 

The  follo\\ 

■ing  1 

scores  were  made  after  smoking 

one 

cigar. 

Mr.  M. 

3 

5 

1 

0 

2 

5 

4 

4 

2 

1 

27 

Mr.  P. 

0 

2 

2 

4 

5 

3 

3 

5 

4 

5 

33 

Mr.  A. 

5 

4 

1 

5 

4 

4 

2 

5 

5 

1 

36 

Mr.  B. 

2 

3 

4 

3 

4 

4 

3 

3 

2 

2 

30 

Mr.  C. 

0 

0 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

5 

2 

5 

28 

Mr.  R. 

4 

5 

5 

4 

5 

3 

4 

5 

5 

5 

45 

Mr.  J. 

Absent. 

Discontinued 

Mr.  S. 

3 

5 

3 

2 

2 

3 

5 

5 

1 

2 

31 

The 

average  score 

made  before  smoking  is 

32 

.28 

The 

average  score 

made  after  smoking 

?is 

32 

.86 

There  is  an  increase  after  smokin 

g  of 

0.58 

TEST 

B— 

MON 

DAY, 

April  17 

',  1916 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M. 

3 

4 

2 

1 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

4 

35 

Mr.  P. 

1 

5 

3 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

3 

4 

35 

Mr.  A. 

2 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

5 

3 

3 

3 

34 

Mr.  B. 

4 

4 

3 

4 

1 

5 

5 

2 

3 

4 

35 

Mr.  C. 

4 

2 

4 

2 

5 

2 

3 

4 

1 

2 

29 

Mr.  R. 

4 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

3 

44 

Mr.  S. 

4 

1 

4 

5 

3 

4 

4 

4 

3 

5 

37 

Mr.  D. 

5 

5 

5 

4 

3 

4 

4 

4 

3 

4 

41 

The  above 

scores  were  : 

made 

before  smoking. 

The  following  scores  were  made  after 

smoking  two 

cigars. 

Mr.  M. 

4 

4 

2 

3 

2 

1 

4 

3 

2 

5 

30 

Mr.  P. 

4 

2 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

3 

29 

Mr.  A. 

3 

5 

1 

4 

4 

3 

2 

2 

4 

1 

29 

Mr.  B. 

2 

3 

0 

4 

1 

5 

2 

2 

3 

4 

26 

Mr.  C. 

2 

1 

4 

3 

1 

3 

2 

2 

3 

4 

25 

Mr.  R. 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

1 

31 

Mr.  S. 

1 

3 

3 

2 

3 

4 

0 

3 

2 

5 

24 

Mr.  D. 

1 

4 

0 

3 

4 

3 

4 

1 

3 

2 

25 

The 

average  score 

before  smoking  is 

36. 

25 

The 

average  score 

after 

smoking  : 

is 

27. 

37 

Thei 

e  is  a 

deer 

ease 

!  after  smc 

>king 

;of 

8. 

88 

ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   153 

TEST  B— Tuesday,  April  18,  1916 


1       2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M. 

1       .3 

1 

2 

5 

5 

3 

.5 

3 

5 

33 

Mr.  P. 

2       1 

4 

2 

4 

4 

3 

4 

5 

4 

33 

Mr.  A. 

5       2 

4 

4 

3 

5 

3 

1 

3 

5 

35 

Mr.  B. 

2       3 

4 

2 

4 

2 

5 

1 

4 

3 

30 

Mr.  C. 

4       5 

3 

4 

1 

4 

4 

3 

1 

3 

32 

Mr.  R. 

4       5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

3 

3 

4 

3 

39 

Mr.  S. 

1       5 

5 

3 

3 

1 

3 

3 

4 

4 

32 

Mr.  D. 

3       3 

3 

5 

4 

4 

3 

5 

5 

3 

38 

The  above  scores  were  made  before  smoking. 

The  following  i 

scores  were  made  after  smoking  two 

cigars. 

Mr.  M. 

3       4 

3 

3 

3 

2 

5 

0 

3 

1 

27 

Mr.  P. 

3       4 

2 

5 

3 

4 

4 

5 

3 

5 

38 

Mr.  A. 

0       4 

3 

0 

4 

3 

4 

4 

4 

3 

29 

Mr.  B. 

4       3 

1 

5 

3 

3 

1 

5 

3 

1 

29 

Mr.  C. 

5       3 

4 

5 

3 

0 

1 

3 

4 

2 

30 

Mr.  R. 

5       5 

3 

5 

1 

3 

5 

3 

4 

2 

36 

Mr.  S. 

4       4 

1 

2 

3 

2 

4 

3 

2 

2 

27 

Mr.  D. 

3       3 

3 

4 

1 

3 

3 

3 

1 

2 

26 

The 

average  score 

before  smoking  is 

34.00 

The 

average  score 

after  smoking  : 

is 

30.25 

There  is  a  decrease  after  smoking 

of 

3.75 

TEST 

B— 

■Thursday,  April  20, 

1916 

1       2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M. 

5       4 

2 

4 

3 

3 

5 

3 

5 

1 

35 

Mr.  P. 

Absent 

Mr.  A. 

2       2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

2 

2 

28 

Mr.  B. 

5      5 

5 

4 

3 

4 

2 

3 

3 

3 

37 

Mr.  C. 

5      5 

1 

4 

3 

5 

0 

1 

0 

5 

29 

Mr.  R. 

Absent 

Mr.  S. 

3       2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

5 

3 

4 

5 

35 

Mr.  D. 

5       4 

5 

5 

2 

o 

4 

5 

5 

4 

44 

The  above  scores  were 

made  before  smoking. 

The  following  scores  were  made  after  smoking  two 

cigars. 

Mr.  M. 

3       4 

2 

1 

1 

4 

5 

4 

0 

1 

25 

Mr.  P. 

Absent 

Mr.  A. 

4       1 

4 

4 

3 

5 

0 

5 

1 

4 

31 

Mr.  B. 

2       5 

3 

2 

0 

3 

5 

3 

3 

2 

28 

Mr.  C. 

3       0 

5 

1 

3 

4 

1 

1 

0 

2 

20 

Mr.  R. 

Absent 

Mr.  S. 

5       3 

2 

0 

3 

5 

2 

5 

2 

3 

30 

Mr.  D. 

4       3 

2 

3 

1 

2 

4 

0 

1 

4 

24 

Note. — ^April  19,  Patriots'  Day,  being  a  holiday,  no  experiments  were  conducted. 
The  average  score  before  smoking  is  34 .  66 

The  average  score  after  smoking  is  26 .  33 

There  is  a  decrease  after  smoking  of  8 .  33 


154     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

TEST  B — Fhiday,  April  21,  1916 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M. 

3 

2 

5 

4 

2 

3 

2 

5 

4 

4 

34 

Mr.  P. 

3 

5 

4 

4 

2 

3 

4 

3 

4 

3 

35 

Mr.  A. 

1 

3 

5 

4 

3 

2 

4 

3 

5 

4 

34 

Mr.  B. 

4 

1 

3 

1 

5 

4 

5 

4 

4 

4 

35 

Mr.  C. 

4 

5 

4 

4 

3 

2 

5 

4 

3 

4 

38 

Mr.  R. 

5 

4 

4 

3 

2 

4 

4 

5 

5 

4 

40 

Mr.  S. 

4 

4 

3 

3 

5 

4 

4 

2 

1 

5 

35 

Mr.  D. 

3 

4 

2 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

36 

The  above 

scores  were 

made  before  smoking. 

The  following 

scores  were  made  after  smoking  two 

cigars. 

Mr.  M. 

5 

1 

2 

0 

4 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

23 

Mr.  P. 

4 

5 

1 

3 

2 

2 

3 

1 

4 

2 

27 

Mr.  A. 

2 

1 

4 

3 

0 

5 

4 

1 

2 

3 

25 

Mr.  B. 

4 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

4 

2 

5 

0 

24 

Mr.  C. 

4 

4 

3 

4 

0 

1 

3 

2 

3 

2 

26 

Mr.  R. 

3 

4 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

1 

3 

2 

29 

Mr.  S. 

3 

2 

2 

3 

4 

1 

5 

0 

4 

2 

26 

Mr.  D. 

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

2 

4 

2 

3 

4 

31 

The 

average  score 

before  smoking  is 

35.87 

The 

average  score 

after  smoking  : 

is 

26.37 

There  is  a 

decrease  after  smoking  of 

9.50 

TEST 

'  B- 

-Monday, 

April  24,  1916 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M. 

3 

2 

4 

4 

0 

3 

5 

3 

5 

1 

30 

Mr.  P. 

4 

3 

3 

3 

1 

2 

1 

3 

5 

3 

26 

Mr.  A. 

5 

2 

5 

5 

3 

4 

2 

1 

2 

5 

34 

Mr.  B. 

5 

5 

1 

5 

4 

2 

1 

2 

4 

3 

32 

Mr.  C. 

Discontinued 

Mr.  R. 

4 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

45 

Mr.  S. 

4 

5 

4 

5 

4 

3 

1 

4 

4 

5 

39 

Mr.  D. 

4 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

2 

4 

4 

4 

37 

The  above 

scores  were 

made  before  smoking. 

The  following 

scores  were  made  after 

smoking 

two 

cigars. 

Mr.  M. 

5 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

5 

1 

4 

4 

27 

Mr.  P. 

4 

1 

1 

4 

5 

1 

2 

5 

1 

2 

26 

Mr.  A. 

5 

2 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

3 

5 

4 

37 

Mr.  B. 

5 

1 

4 

5 

3 

0 

4 

4 

2 

5 

33 

Mr.  C. 

Discontinued 

Mr.  R. 

4 

2 

4 

4 

5 

3 

2 

5 

3 

5 

37 

Mr.  S. 

1 

3 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

4 

2 

5 

32 

Mr.  D. 

3 

5 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

2 

5 

38 

The 

average  score 

before  sm 

loking 

;  is 

34.70 

The 

average  score 

after  smoking  i 

is 

32.86 

There  is  a 

dec] 

rease 

i  afte 

r  8m< 

3  king 

of 

1.S4 

ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   155 


TEST 

B 

Tuesday, 

April  25, 

,  1916 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

19 

Totals 

Mr.  M. 

4 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

3 

4 

3 

5 

39 

Mr.  P. 

3 

4 

1 

2 

3 

3 

1 

2 

3 

5 

27 

Mr.  A. 

3 

3 

3 

5 

4 

4 

2 

2 

2 

2 

30 

Mr.  B. 

3 

1 

3 

3 

0 

3 

5 

2 

5 

3 

28 

Mr.  R. 

4 

4 

3 

5 

4 

2 

5 

4 

4 

3 

36 

Mr.  S. 

2 

4 

5 

4 

3 

5 

0 

3 

3 

4 

33 

Mr.  D. 

Discontinued 

The  above 

scores  were  ] 

made  before  smokin 

g. 

The  following 

scores  were  made  after  smoking  two 

cigars. 

Mr.  M. 

3 

4 

2 

4 

5 

0 

3 

2 

1 

5 

29 

Mr.  P. 

2 

3 

3 

0 

0 

4 

3 

2 

5 

2 

24 

Mr.  A. 

4 

1 

5 

3 

1 

4 

3 

5 

5 

3 

34 

Mr.  B. 

1 

1 

3 

4 

2 

3 

2 

3 

5 

2 

26 

Mr.  R. 

4 

3 

1 

5 

2 

5 

2 

1 

3 

4 

30 

Mr.  S. 

3 

5 

2 

2 

2 

3 

4 

2 

1 

2 

26 

Mr.  D. 

Discontinued 

Note. 

— Mr.  D.  discontinued  because  of  an  accident  to 

his  ankle. 

The  averai 

?e  score 

before  smoking  is 

32. 

50 

The  average  score 

after 

■  smoking 

is 

28. 

16 

There 

is  a 

decrease  after  smoking  of 

4, 

.34 

TEST 

B 

Wednesday,  April  26,  1916 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

i 

Mr.  M. 

4 

2 

5 

2 

1 

5 

3 

1 

4 

4 

31 

Mr.  P. 

5 

2 

1 

4 

2 

3 

4 

3 

4 

5 

33 

Mr.  A 

4 

2 

3 

2 

4 

1 

5 

2 

4 

3 

30 

Mr.  B. 

5 

4 

1 

5 

4 

4 

3 

4 

5 

3 

38 

Mr.  R. 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

2 

4 

3 

2 

35 

Mr.  S. 

4 

3 

4 

5 

3 

1 

3 

2 

5 

4 

34 

The  above 

scores  were 

made  before  smoking. 

The  following 

scores  were  made  after  smol 

ang 

two 

cigars. 

Mr.  M. 

5 

2 

1 

4 

2 

3 

3 

4 

1 

2 

27 

Mr.  P. 

1 

3 

4 

2 

3 

5 

3 

2 

4 

3 

30 

Mr.  A. 

5 

3 

4 

1 

2 

3 

2 

4 

4 

3 

31 

Mr.  B. 

2 

4 

4 

3 

2 

1 

3 

4 

5 

3 

31 

Mr.  R. 

4 

4 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

2 

1 

3 

33 

Mr.  S. 

3 

3 

2 

4 

2 

1 

4 

3 

3 

2 

27 

The  averaj 

ge  score 

before  smoking  is 

33 

.50 

The  averai 

ge  score 

after  smoking 

is 

29 

.83 

There 

is  a 

dec 

reas< 

3  aft€ 

ir  sm 

okins 

:of 

3 

.67 

156     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

TEST  B 

Thursday,  April  27,  1916 

123456789  10  Totals 

Mr.  M.      2       3       5       2       2       4       1       3       3  0  25 

Mr.  P.        4       3       2       1       5       5       2       4       1  3  30 

Mr.  A.        4       3       3       5       4       3       4       3       5  2  36 

Mr.  B.        5       1       1       1       4       1       5       4       3  2  27 

Mr.  R.       4       3       5       4       5       4       4       4       5  2  40 

Mr.  S.        0       3       5       3       4       2       5       2       1  2  27 

The  above  scores  were  made  before  smoking. 

The  following  scores  were  made  after  smoking  two  cigars. 

123456789  10  Totals 

Mr.  M.      4       1       3       2       5       0       2       3       2  2  24 

Mr.  P.        3       3       3       2       4       5       3       4       1  3  31 

Mr.  A.       3       3       4       3       5       2       1       2      4  0  27 

Mr.  B.        4       3       3       5       2       0       0       1       3  3  24 

Mr.  R.       4       3       5       4       3       3       4       4       4  3  37 

Mr.  S.        1       3       1       3       2       1       0      3       4  2  20 

The  average  score  before  smoking  is  30 .  83 

The  average  score  after  smoking  is  27. 17 

There  is  a  decrease  after  smoking  of  3.66 


TEST  B 
Friday,  April  28,  1916 

123456789  10  Totals 

Mr.  M.      2      3       2       5       4       2       1       4      5  4  32 

Mr.  P.        3       4       4       1       2       5       4       2       4  4  33 

Mr.  A.        3       4       5      0       5       4       4       3       2  3  33 

Mr.  B.       4       2       1       3       2       5       0      5       4  4  30 

Mr.  R.       5       4       4       3       2       4       3       4       5  4  36 

Mr.  S.        4      3       4       5      4       3       4       5       2  5  39 

The  above  scores  were  made  before  smoking. 

The  following  scores  .were  made  after  smoking  two  cigars. 

123456789  10  Totals 

Mr.  M.       1       5       4       3       2       4       2       2       2  3  27 

Mr.  P.        5       2       4       13       4       2       5       0  3  29 

Mr.  A.        5       4       4       3       2       1       4       2       3  2  30 

Mr.  B.        2       5       3       4       2       1       4       3       3  2  29 

Mr.  R.       4       4       3       4       5       5       2       2       3  4  38 

Mr.  S.        4       4       3       2       5       10       5       2  1  27 

The  average  score  before  smoking  is  .34. 17 

The  average  score  after  smoking  is  29 .  47 
There  is  a  decrease  after  smoking  of                                         4 .  60 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   157 


TEST 

C 

• 

Monday, 

May  1, 

1916 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M. 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

0 

4 

4 

1 

26 

Mr.  P. 

5 

4 

3 

2 

4 

1 

2 

5 

4 

4 

34 

Mr.  A. 

4 

5 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

1 

4 

33 

Mr.  B. 

4 

4 

2 

2 

2 

5 

2 

5 

3 

4 

33 

Mr.  C. 

5 

4 

3 

2 

2 

3 

4 

4 

3 

3 

33 

Mr.  R. 

5 

5 

5 

2 

3 

4 

5 

3 

2 

3 

37 

Mr.  S. 

3 

5 

2 

2 

5 

3 

2 

3 

2 

3 

30 

The  above 

scores  were  ] 

oaade 

upon  arrival  at  the  gymnasium. 

The 

following 

scores  were 

made  thirty  minutes  after  the 

above  scores. 

No 

smoking 

;  in  these  experiments. 

Mr.  M. 

3 

4 

5 

0 

5 

1 

2 

1 

5 

2 

28 

Mr.  R. 

4 

2 

5 

5 

3 

5 

0 

4 

1 

5 

34 

Mr.  A. 

4 

5 

0 

5 

4 

5 

2 

3 

4 

2 

34 

Mr.  B. 

6 

3 

0 

4 

5 

4 

5 

2 

6 

4 

37 

Mr.  C. 

4 

4 

2 

3 

5 

5 

1 

5 

4 

4 

39 

Mr.  R. 

4 

5 

3 

5 

4 

4 

5 

4 

5 

5 

44 

Mr.  S. 

4 

5 

4 

4 

1 

2 

3 

2 

2 

3 

30 

The 

averai 

ge  score 

following 

30  minutes'  delay 

is 

35. 

14 

The 

average  score 

before  the  30  minutes'  < 

delay  is 

32. 

28 

There  is  an  increase  after  the  delay  oi 

2. 

.86 

TEST  C 

TUESDA-X 

■,  May  2, 

1916 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Totals 

Mr.  M. 

2 

4 

5 

1 

3 

4 

3 

2 

1 

5 

30 

Mr.  P. 

1 

5 

5 

4 

2 

3 

5 

4 

1 

2 

32 

Mr.  A. 

4 

2 

2 

3 

4 

1 

3 

2 

5 

4 

30 

Mr.  B. 

2 

4 

0 

5 

6 

4 

2 

2 

4 

5 

33 

Mr.  C. 

3 

4 

4 

2 

3 

1 

5 

.5 

3 

2 

32 

Mr.  R. 

4 

4 

3 

4 

5 

1 

3 

4 

4 

3 

35 

Mr.  S. 

3 

4 

4 

3 

3 

5 

2 

5 

4 

3 

36 

The  above  scores  were 

made  upon  arrival  at  the  gymnasium. 

The 

following 

scores 

were 

made  thirty 

minutes 

after  the 

above  scores 

No  smokin 

g  in 

these  experiments. 

Mr.  M. 

4 

1 

3 

2 

4 

4 

2 

1 

5 

5 

31 

Mr.  P. 

3 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

2 

5 

6 

2 

35 

Mr.  A. 

4 

4 

3 

5 

4 

0 

1 

2 

3 

2 

28 

Mr.  B. 

4 

1 

2 

4 

5 

4 

5 

3 

3 

3 

35 

Mr.  C. 

4 

5 

4 

3 

3 

3 

4 

5 

4 

4 

39 

Mr.  R. 

5 

5 

1 

6 

4 

3 

2 

4 

5 

3 

37 

Mr.  S. 

4 

3 

4 

2 

1 

4 

4 

3 

4 

6 

34 

The 

avera 

ge  following 

the  delay 

is 

34 

.14 

The 

average  score 

before  the  delay  is 

32 

.43 

There  is  a 

n  inc 

jreas 

36  afi 

ter  th 

le  de] 

lay  of 

1 

.71 

158     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

TEST  C 
Wednesday,  May  3,  1916 

123456789  10  Totals 

Mr.  M.      3       1       5       2       1       4       4       3       4  3  30 

Mr  P.        3       2       5       4       2       1       3       3       4  2  29 

Mr.  A.        2       5       5       1       4       3       2       0       4  4  30 

Mr.  B.        3052431245  29 

Mr.  C.        3       4       2       1       4       3       3       5       5  2  32 

Mr.  R.       4       3       2       5       3       4       4       3       4  4  36 

Mr.  S.        4       115       2       2       5       2       3  3  28 

The  above  scores  were  made  upon  arrival  at  the  gymnasium. 

The  following  scores  were  made  thirty  minutes  after  the 
above  scores.     No  smoking  in  these  experiments. 

123456789  10  Totals 

Mr.  M.      4       4       5       2       4       3       4       4       3  3  36 

Mr.  P.        4       4       1       3       4       5       2       2       5  4  34 

Mr.  A.        3       4       1       5       0       5       4       4       3  4  33 

Mr.  B.       3       1       4      4      3      4      4       2      4  3  32 

Mr.  C.       4       4       5       3       4       2       4       5       5  2  38 

Mr.  R.       5       5       1       3       5       4       2       2       3  4  34 

Mr.  S.        1       4      3       1       4      4       3      4      4  4  32 

-,   The  average  score  following  the  delay  is  34 .  14 

The  average  score  before  the  delay  is  30 .  65 

There  is  an  increase  after  the  delay  of  3 .  49 

For  individual  record  of  Mr.  M.,  see  page  130. 

INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  E.,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 

Before  After 

Date  Test  Smoking       Smoking        Loss  Gain 

4-10-16  A  29  33  4 

4^11-16  A  31  29  2 

Mr.  E.  discontinued  the  experiments  at  this 
point,  claiming  that  the  effect  produced  by  the 
smoking  of  the  cigars  caused  a  continual  head- 
ache, which  on  the  third  evening  had  not  gone 
away.  This  man  was  an  abstainer  from  the  use 
of  tobacco  in  any  form  and  it  is  regretted  that  he 
could  not  continue,  in  order  that  his  records 
might  be  compared  with  those  of  smokers. 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   159 
INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  P.,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 


Before 

After 

Date 

Test 

Smoking 

Smoking 

Loss 

Gain 

4-10-16 

A 

30 

20 

10, 

4-11-16 

A 

21 

25 

4 

4-12-16 

A 

41 

32 

9 

4-13-16 

A 

38 

26 

12 

4-14-16 

A 

31 

33 

2 

4-17-16 

B 

35 

29 

6 

4-18-16 

B 

33 

38 

6 

4-20-16 

B 

Absent 

4-21-16 

B 

35 

27 

8 

4-24-16 

B 

26 

26 

5-25-16 

B 

27 

24 

3 

4-26-16 

B 

33 

30 

3 

4-27-16 

B 

30 

31 

1 

4-28-16 

B 

33 

Before 
Delay 

29 

After 
Delay 

4 

5-  1-16 

C 

34 

34 

5-  2-16 

C 

32 

35 

3 

5-  3-16 

C 

29 

34 

5 

Mr.  P.  is  a  catcher  and  has  played  semi-profes- 
sional baseball.  At  present  he  is  catcher  of  a 
college  varsity  team.  He  smokes  cigarettes  regu- 
larly, cons-uming  from  one  to  two  packages  daily. 
He,  too,  was  requested  to  stop  smoking  cigarettes 
during  these  experiments  and  use  only  the  cigars 
13rescribed. 

INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  F.,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 

Before  After 

Date  Test  Smoking        Smoking        Loss  Gain 

4-1-16  A  36  30  6 


Mr.  F.  discontinued  the  experiments  after  the 
first  one,  because  the  effects  of  the  cigar  made 
him  very  sick.     He  became  quite  pale,  showed 


160     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

signs  of  dizziness  and  hurried  home  to  bed.  The 
next  day  he  complained  of  a  sick  headache.  This 
man  had  never  smoked  a  cigar  before  this  one 
during  his  whole  life,  and  saved  the  stub  as  a 
reminder.  While  in  high  school  he  pitched  for 
the  team. 

INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  A.,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 


Before 

After 

Date 

Test 

Smoking 

Smoking 

Loss 

Gai 

4-10-16 

A 

35 

28 

7 

4-11-16 

A 

23 

23 

4-12-16 

A 

29 

26 

3 

4-13-16 

A 

34 

22 

12 

4-14-16 

A 

35 

36 

1 

4-17-16 

B 

34 

29 

6 

4-18-16 

B 

35 

29 

6 

4-20-16 

B 

28 

31 

3 

4-21-16 

B 

34 

25 

9 

4-24-16 

B 

34 

37 

3 

4-25-16 

B 

30 

34 

4 

4-26-16 

B 

30 

31 

1 

4-27-16 

B 

36 

27 

9 

4-28-16 

B 

33 

Before 
Delay 

30 

After 
Delay 

3 

5-  1-16 

C 

33 

34 

1 

5-  2-16 

C 

30 

28 

2 

5-  3-16 

C 

30 

33 

3 

Mr.  A.  is  a  ball  plaj^er  with  ability  as  an  out- 
fielder, and  at  present  is  playing  on  the  college 
varsity  baseball  team.  Mr.  A.  is  not  a  user  of 
tobacco  in  any  form,  and  will  therefore  be  termed 
a  non-smoker  in  making  comparisons. 


ACCUKACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   161 

INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  B.,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 


Before 

After 

Date    " 

Test 

Smoking 

Smoking 

Loss 

Gain 

4-10-16 

A 

27 

28 

1 

4-11-16 

A 

29 

21 

8 

4-12-16 

A 

32 

26 

6 

4-13-16 

A 

30 

26 

4 

4-14-16 

A 

28 

30 

2 

4-17-16 

B 

35 

26 

9 

4-18-16 

B 

30 

29 

1 

4-20-16     . 

B 

37 

28 

9 

4-21-16 

B 

35 

24 

11 

4-24-16 

B 

32 

33 

1 

4-25-16 

B 

28 

26 

2 

4-26-16 

B 

38 

31 

7 

4-27-16 

B 

27 

24 

3 

4-28-16 

B 

30 

29 

1 

5-  1-16 

G 

33 

37 

4 

6-  2-16 

C 

33 

35 

2 

5-  3-16 

C 

29 

32 

3 

Mr.  B.  is  a  non-smoker  and  it  was  with  consid- 
erable persuasion  that  he  finally  went  through 
with  the  experiments  without  discontinuing.  At 
present  he  plays  baseball  three  times  a  week  on 
a  college  class  team  and  has  but  average  ability. 

INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mb.  C,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 

Gain 


Before 

After 

Date 

Test 

Smoking 

Smoking 

Loss 

4-11-16 

A 

31 

18 

13 

4-12-16 

A 

28 

16 

12 

4-13-16 

A 

35 

25 

10 

4-14-16 

A 

35 

34 

1 

4-15-16 

A 

28 

28 

4-17-16 

B 

29 

25 

4 

4-18-16 

B 

32 

30 

2 

4-20-16 

B 

29 

20 

9 

4-21-16 

B 

38 

26 

12 

162     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 


Before 

After 

Date 

Test 

Smoking 

Before 
Delay 

Smoking 
After 
Delay 

Losj 

5-  1-16 

C 

33 

39 

6 

5-  2-16 

C 

32 

39 

7 

5-  3-16 

c 

32 

38 

6 

Gain 


Mr.  C.  has  been  pitching  college  baseball  four 
years  and  has  had  considerable  experience  in 
semi-professional  circles.  At  present  he  works 
out  every  day  with  the  squad.  Last  year  he 
smoked  cigarettes  moderately,  but  has  not 
smoked  any  since  last  June  (1914).  He  claimed 
they  interfered  with  his  digestion  and  ceased 
using  them.  For  purposes  of  comparison  Mr.  C. 
will  be  termed  a  non-smoker. 


INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  R. 

,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 

Before 

After 

Date 

Test 

Smoking 

Smoking 

Loss 

Gain 

4-11-16 

A 

30 

29 

1 

4-12-16 

A 

39 

36 

3 

4-13-16 

A 

41 

34 

7 

4-14-16 

A 

36 

45 

9 

4-17-16 

B 

44 

31 

13 

4-18-16 

B 

39 

36 

3 

4-20-16 

B 

Absent 

4-21-16 

B 

40 

29 

11 

4-24-16 

B 

45 

37 

8 

4-25-16 

B 

38 

30 

8 

4-26-16 

B 

35 

33 

2 

4-27-16 

B 

40 

37 

3 

4-28-16 

B 

38 

36 

2 

5-  1-16 

C 

37 

44 

7 

6-  2-16 

C 

35 

37 

2 

5-  3-16 

C 

36 

34 

2 

ACCUEACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   163 

Mr.  E.  habitually  chews  tobacco  and  smokes 
a  pipe  moderately;  with  his  system  thus  inocu- 
lated with  the  effects  of  tobacco,  he  will  be 
termed  a  smoker.  He  has  played  third  base  on  a 
college  team  and  has  considerable  experience  in 
playing  professional  baseball.  At  present  he 
works  out  with  the  college  squad  every  day. 

INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  I.,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 

Before  After 

Date  Test  Smoking        Smoking         Loss  Gain 

4-11-16  A  23  25  2 

It  seems  as  though  the  smoking  of  strong 
cigars  does  not  agree  with  abstainers  from  the 
weed.  Such  was  the  case  with  Mr.  I.,  who 
claimed  that  he  could  not  stand  the  effects  of  the 
tobacco.  He  said  it  caused  a  very  undesirable 
feeling  in  the  region  of  the  stomach.  Had  he  not 
experienced  this  feeling,  he  would  have  continued 
with  the  experiments. 

INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  J.,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 

Before  After 

Date  Test  Smoking       Smoking  Loss         Gain 

4-12-16  A  30  29  1 

Mr.  J.  is  an  abstainer  from  the  use  of  tobacco 
in  any  form,  and  it  was  hoped  that  he  would  con- 
tinue with  the  experiments,  but  like  some  of  the 
other  men  that  dropped  out,  the  effects  of  the 
smoke  were  too  much  for  him.  Headache, 
stomach-ache  and  other  unpleasant  feelings  fol- 


164     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

lowed  the  first  cigar  and  he  could  not  be  per- 
suaded to  take  another  chance. 

INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  S.,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 

Before  After 

Date  Test  Smoking       Smoking  Loss         Gain 

4-13-16  A  35  28  7 

4-14-16  A  33  31  2 


4-17-16 

B 

37 

24 

13 

4-18-16 

B 

32 

27 

5 

4-20-16 

B 

35 

30 

5 

4-21-16 

B 

35 

26 

9 

4-24-16 

B 

39 

32 

7 

4-25-16 

B 

33 

26 

7 

4-26-16 

B 

34 

27 

7 

4-27-16 

B 

27 

20 

7 

4-28-16 

B 

39 

27 

12 

5-  1-16 

C 

30 

30 

5-  2-16 

C 

36 

34 

2 

5-  3-16 

C 

28 

32 

Mr.  S.  smokes  cigars  and  a  pipe  regularly  and 
is  therefore  termed  a  smoker.  He  is  a  ball  player 
of  average  ability  and  has  played  first  base.  At 
present  he  plays  baseball  three  days  a  week  with 
a  class  team. 

INDIVIDUAL  RECORD  OF  Mr.  D.,  GIVING  TOTALS  ONLY 

Gain 


Before 

After 

Date 

Test 

Smoking 

Smoking 

Loss 

4-17-16 

B 

41 

25 

16 

4-18-16 

B 

38 

26 

12 

4-20-16 

B 

44 

24 

20 

4-21-16 

B 

36 

31 

5 

4-24-16 

B 

37 

38 

Mr.  D.  discontinued  at  this  point  because  of 
an  accident  to  his  ankle.  He  did  not  use  tobacco 
in   any   form   and  is   therefore  termed  a  non- 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   165 

smoker.  His  ability  as  a  ball  player  is  not  above 
the  ordinary,  yet  it  was  good  enough  for  him  to 
make  the  class  team  as  a  pitcher. 

INDIVIDUAL    RECORD    OF    MR.    D.    GIVING 
AVERAGES  ONLY 

During  test  B  (5  experiments)  Mr.  D.  made 
an  average  score  of  39.20  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (5  experiments)  Mr.  D.  made 
an  average  score  of  28.80  after  smoking  two 
cigars,  out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (5  experiments)  Mr.  D.  made 
a  lower  average  after  smoking,  by  10.40  points. 

INDIVIDUAL    RECORD    OF    MR.    M.    GIVING 
AVERAGES  ONLY 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  M.  made 
an  average  score  before  smoking  of  30.60  out  of 
a  possible  50  points. 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  M.  made 
an  average  score  after  smoking  one  cigar  of  26.00 
out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  M.  low- 
ered his  average  after  smoking  by  4.60  points, 
probably  due  to  the  effects  of  smoking. 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  M.  made 
an  average  score  before  smoking  of  32.66  out  of 
a  possible  50. 


166     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  M.  made 
an  average  score  after  smoking  two  cigars  of 
26.55  out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  M.  made  a 
lower  average  after  smoking  by  6.11  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  M.  made 
an  average  score  before  an  interval  of  30  minutes, 
which  is  equal  to  the  time  occupied  in  smoking 
a  cigar,  of  28.66. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  M.  made 
an  average  score  after  the  30-minute  delay  of 
31.66. 

During  test  C  (three  experiments)  Mr.  M. 
made  a  higher  average  after  the  delay  by  3.00 
points.  No  cigars  were  smoked  in  this  test  and 
probably  the  increase  in  score  after  the  delay  was 
due  to  the  absence  of  the  effects  of  smoking. 

INDIVIDUAL    KECORD    OF    MR.    P.    GIVING 
AVERAGES  ONLY 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  P.  made 
an  average  score  before  smoking  of  32.20  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  P.  made 
an  average  score  after  smoking  one  cigar  of  27.20 
out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  P.  made 
a  lower  average  after  smoking  by  5.00  points. 

During  test  B   (8  experiments)  Mr.  P.  made 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   167 

an  average  score  before  smoking  of  31.50  out 
of  50. 

During  test  B  (8  experiments)  Mr.  P.  made 
an  average  score  after  smoking  two  cigars  of 
29.25  out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (8  experiments)  Mr.  P.  made 
a  lower  average  after  smoking  by  2.25  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  P.  made 
an  average  score  before  an  interval  of  30  minutes, 
which  is  equal  to  the  time  taken  to  smoke  a  cigar, 
of  31.66. 

During  test  0  (3  experiments)  Mr.  P.  made 
an  average  score  after  the  30-minute  delay  of 
34.33. 

During  test  0  (3  experiments)  Mr.  P.  made  a 
higher  average  after  the  delay  by  2.67  points. 

INDIVIDUAL    RECORD    OF    MR.    A.    GIVING 
AVERAGES  ONLY 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  A.  made 
an  average  score  of  31.20  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  A.  made 
an  average  score  of  27.00  after  smoking  one  cigar, 
out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  A.  made 
a  lower  average  after  smoking  by  4.20  points. 

During  test  B   (9  experiments)  Mr.  A.  made 


168     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

an  average  score  of  32.66  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  A.  made 
an  average  score  of  30.33  after  smoking  two 
cigars,  out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  A.  made 
a  lower  average  after  smoking  bj  2.33  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  A.  made 
an  average  score  before  an  interval  of  30  min- 
utes, which  is  equal  to  the  time  taken  in  smoking 
a  cigar,  of  31.00. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  A.  made  an 
average  score  after  the  30-minute  delay  of  31.67 
points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  A.  made 
a  higher  average  after  the  delay  of  0.67  points. 

No  smoking  during  test  C. 

INDIVIDUAL    EECORD    OF    MR.    B.    GIVING 
AVERAGES  ONLY 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  B.  made 
an  average  score  of  29.20  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  B.  made 
an  average  score  of  28.20  after  smoking  one  cigar, 
out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  B.  made  a 
lower  average  after  smoking  by  1.00  point. 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  B.  made 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING   169 

an  average  score  of  32.44  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  B.  made 
an  average  score  of  27.77,  after  smoking  two 
cigars  out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  B.  made 
a  lower  average  after  smoking  by  4.67  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  B.  made 
an  average  score,  before  interval  of  30  minutes, 
wliicli  is  equal  to  the  time  taken  in  smoking  a 
cigar,  of  31.66. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  B.  made 
an  average  score  after  the  30-minute  delay  of 
34.66  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  B.  made 
a  higher  average  after  the  delay  of  4.67  points. 

This  increase  following  the  delay  was  probably 
due  to  the  absence  of  the  effects  of  smoking. 

INDIVIDUAL    RECORD    OF    MR.    C.    GIVING 
AVERAGES  ONLY 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  C.  made 
an  average  score  of  31.40  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  C.  made 
an  average  score  of  24.20  after  smoking  one  cigar, 
out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (5  experiments)  Mr.  C.  made 
a  lower  average  after  smoking  by  7.20  points. 


170     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

During  test  B  (4  experiments)  Mr.  C.  made 
an  average  score  of  32.00  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (4  experiments)  Mr.  C.  made 
an  average  score  of  25.20,  after  smoking  two 
cigars,  out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (4  experiments)  Mr.  C.  made 
a  lower  average  after  smoking  by  6.80  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  C.  made 
an  average  score,  before  an  interval  of  30  min- 
utes, which  is  equal  to  the  time  taken  in  smoking 
a  cigar,  of  32.33. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  C.  made  an 
average  score  after  the  30-minute  delay  of  38.67 
points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  C.  made  a 
higher  average  after  the  delay  by  6.34  points. 

Thus  far  the  conclusions  seem  to  indicate  that 
the  smoking  has  some  effect  on  the  scores 
produced. 

INDIVIDUAL    EECORD    OF    MR.    R.    GIVING 
AVERAGES  ONLY 

During  test  A  (4  experiments)  Mr.  R.  made 
an  average  score  of  36.50  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (4  experiments)  Mr.  R.  made  an 
average  score  of  36.00  after  smoking  one  cigar, 
out  of  a  possible  50. 


ACCURACY  IN  BASEBALL  PITCHING  171 

During  test  A  (4  experiments)  Mr.  R.  made  a 
lower  average  after  smoking  by  0.50  points. 

During  test  B  (8  experiments)  Mr.  R.  made 
an  average  score  of  39.87  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (8  experiments)  Mr.  R.  made 
an  average  score  of  33.62  after  smoking  two 
cigars,  out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (8  experiments)  Mr.  R.  made 
a  lower  average  after  smoking  by  6.25  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  R.  made 
an  average  score  before  an  interval  of  30  minutes, 
which  is  equal  to  the  time  taken  in  smoking  a 
cigar,  of  32.67  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  R.  made 
an  average  score  after  the  30-minute  delay  of 
38.33  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  R.  made 
a  higher  average  after  the  delay  by  5.66  points. 


INDIVIDUAL    RECORDS    OF   MR.    S.    GIVING 
AVERAGES  ONLY 

During  test  A  (2  experiments)  Mr.  S.  made 
an  average  score  of  34.00  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  A  (2  experiments)  Mr.  S.  made 
an  average  score  of  29.50  after  smoking  one  cigar, 
out  of  a  possible  50. 


172     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

During  test  A  (2  experiments)  Mr.  S.  made 
a  lower  arerage  after  smoking  by  4.50  points. 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  S.  made 
an  average  score  of  34.55  before  smoking,  out  of 
a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  S.  made 
an  average  score  of  2G.55  after  smoking  two 
cigars,  out  of  a  possible  50. 

During  test  B  (9  experiments)  Mr.  S.  made 
a  lower  average  after  smoking  bv  8.00  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  S.  made 
an  average  score  before  an  interval  of  30  min- 
utes, which  is  equal  to  the  time  taken  in  smoking 
a  cigar,  of  31.33  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  S.  made 
an  average  score  after  the  delay  of  32.00  points. 

During  test  C  (3  experiments)  Mr.  S.  made  a 
higher  average  after  the  delay  by  0.67  points. 

Smokers  and  non-smokers  alike  have  made 
lower  scores  after  smoking  than  before  and  have 
increased  their  scores  after  the  30-minute  delay 
experiments  in  which  there  was  no  smoking. 


PART  V 
GENERAL  SUMMARY 


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A 


General  Summary 

It  is  unnecessary  to  repeat  here  the  definite 
conclusions  reached  by  each  study.  The  experi- 
menters have  returned  results  remarkable  for 
their  uniformity  and  general  consistency,  show- 
ing that  smoking  raises  the  heart  rate  and  blood 
pressure,  that  it  markedly  delays  the  return  of 
the  heart  rate  to  normal  after  exercise  and  that 
it  impairs  the  neuro-muscular  control  as  indi- 
cated by  delicate  finger  exercises  and  gross  mus- 
cular coordinations.  We  have  repeatedly  stated 
that  these  results  are  preliminary  and  tentative. 
The  results  seem  hardly  believable.  On  the  other 
hand  we  are  forced  to  accept  them.  There  is  no 
escape  from  the  firm,  steady,  scientific  insistence 
of  the  figures.  If  these  results  are  true  and  accu- 
rate, it  is  high  time  that  our  young  men  be  aware 
of  the  truth.  If  such  results  are  produced  on 
healthy  vigorous  young  men  in  prime  condition 
by  moderate  smoking,  what  is  the  effect  of  the 
wide-spread  use  of  tobacco  upon  the  manhood  of 
our  land? 

The  significance  of  these  results  should  not  be 

175 


176"   PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

lightly  tossed  aside.  An  increased  heart  rate  of 
only  5  beats  per  minute  means  that  a  man's 
heart  does  2074  kilogram-meters  (approximately 
15,000  foot  pounds)  more  work  per  day.  In  fifty 
years  this  means  272,471,000  foot  pounds  of 
unnecessary  work.  Does  that  mean,  other  things 
being  equal,  five  years  less  life?  Does  it  mean 
less  margin  of  safety,  less  recuperative  power, 
more  danger  in  case  of  extreme  need,  in  the  crises 
of  disease  or  accident?  But  if  the  blood  pressure 
is  also  raised,  even  these  figures  do  not  represent 
the  whole  truth,  for  the  unnecessary  work  of  the 
heart  is  even  greater.  What  connection  is  there 
between  this  increasing  pressure  and  arterioscle- 
rosis? Can  smoking  be  one  of  the  great  causes 
of  this  increasing  malady  among  our  middle-aged 
business  men? 

More  significant  than  the  actual  heart  rate  is 
the  reduced  nervous  control  of  the  heart.  We 
know  the  "smoker's  heart"  of  the  physician's 
clinic,  but  here  is  definite  evidence  of  the  exact 
effect  of  minute  amounts  of  smoking.  Failure 
to  return  to  normal  after  exercise  wdthin  a  rea- 
sonable time  is  sufficient  reason  for  denying 
athletics  and  heavy  exercise  to  a  would-be  athlete. 
A  strong,  slow,  regularly  beating  heart  which 
returns  quickly  to  normal  after  moderate  exer- 
cise is  taken  by  athletic  trainers  as  one  of  the 
surest  indications  of  condition  and  physical  fit- 


GENERAL  SUMMARY  177 

ness.  Here  is  an  influence  which  quickly  and 
definitely  upsets  this  condition,  even  in  those 
known  to  be  in  prime  athletic  trim.  Athletic 
trainers  have  long  refused  to  permit  men  in 
training  to  smoke.  They  knew  clinically  that  it 
was  bad.  Evidently  they  are  eminently  justified 
in  their  position.  One  does  not  mistreat  the  deli- 
cate mainspring  of  an  expensive  watch.  How 
much  more  foolish  to  subject  one's  heart  to  any 
unnecessary  harmful  influence.  The  effect  upon 
neuro-muscular  control  again  emphasizes  the 
trainers'  clinical  experience.  What  about  the 
army  of  skilled  mechanics,  artisans  working  on 
delicate  tasks,  and  surgeons  with  life  and  death 
in  their  hands?  To  all  of  these,  clear  eyes,  steady 
nerves,  and  muscles  capable  of  accurate  response 
are  absolute  essentials.  These  do  not  go  with 
smoking.  If  the  neuro-muscular  control  is  af- 
fected, what  about  fatigue?  These  studies  throw 
no  definite  light  upon  that  question.  It  should 
be  definitely  studied  at  the  earliest  possible 
opportunity. 

A  remarkable  result  of  these  studies  is  the  ap- 
parent indication  that  the  body  does  not  become 
habituated  or  immune  to  these  effects.  Is  this 
true?  Non-smokers  showed  but  little  more  bad 
effects  in  these  studies  than  the  smokers.  But  is 
it  possible  that  our  smokers  were  really  too  mod- 
erate smokers  to  become  immune?     This  must 


178     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

be  determined.  Or  does  the  business  man  who  is 
a  heavv  smoker  really  suffer  tremendously,  with- 
out knowing  it,  in  these  various  ways?  In  the 
baseball  experiment,  the  more  our  men  smoked 
the  more  marked  were  the  results.  Here  lies  a 
field  for  further  valuable  research  on  a  most  vital 
point. 

What  are  the  actual  comparative  effects  on 
boys,  young  men,  and  middle-aged  men?  Is  it 
possible  that  boys  are  badly  affected,  young  men 
somewhat  so,  and  mature  men  free?  Some  would 
like  to  think  so ;  some  practice  that  theory.  There 
is  little  in  these  studies  to  comfort  them.  Never- 
theless the  facts  should  be  determined. 

What  are  the  relative  effects  of  cigarettes, 
cigars,  and  pipes?  These  studies  used  cigarettes 
but  very  little,  and  the  results  were  not  conclu- 
sive. It  would  be  well  if  definite  information 
could  be  secured. 

Does  smoking  have  definite  effects  upon  mental 
and  psychic  processes?  The  neuro-muscular  ap- 
paratus is  one  machine.  It  is  hardly  likely  that 
one  side  of  it  is  so  definitely  affected  without 
some  effects  at  least  on  the  other  side.  Definite 
experiments  ought  to  attack  this  phase  of  the 
problem. 

It  is  evident  that  a  mere  beginning  has  been 
made  upon  this  tremendous  problem.  The  sur- 
face has  merely  been  scratched.    Even  the  work 


GENEKAL  SUMMARY  179 

already  done  should  be  repeated  by  other  ob- 
servers and  the  results  checked.  We  are  dealing 
with  a  deep-rooted  human  habit.  Facts  are 
needed  in  discussing  it,  not  theories,  sentiments, 
or  prejudices.  If  smoking  is  as  definitely  harm- 
ful as  these  studies  have  indicated  it  to  be,  we 
cannot  establish  the  fact  soon  enough.  If  smok- 
ing is  not  harmful  but  beneficial,  it  ought  to  be 
possible  to  prove  it.  We  have  presented  this  work 
in  the  hope  that  it  may  stimulate  others  to  the 
collection  of  definite  facts  along  these  lines. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 
The  following  bibliography  does  not  presume 
to  be  at  all  complete.  It  is  here  presented  in  the 
hope  that  it  may  be  helpful.  As  will  be  noted, 
articles  are  arranged  alphabetically  according 
to  authors,  and  where  the  author  is  not  given, 
alphabetically  according  to  the  publication  in 
which  the  article  is  found. 

Amerson,  Sullivan,  S.  S. 
Poison  in  Cigarettes. 

Kentucky  Medical  Journal,  Aug.  1907. 
Abstract  in  Journal  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, Aug.  17,  1907,  625. 
Arnold,  M.  B. 
Effect  of  Tobacco   Smoke  on  Pathogenic  Micro- 
organisms. 
Lancet,  May  4,  1907. 

Abstract  in  Journal  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, June  1,  1907,  1904. 

Bailey,  T, 

Tobacco — Its  Effects. 
Journal  loiva  State  Medical  Society,  1911-12, 
I  55-65. 
Beyer,  Henry  G. 
Direct  Action  of  Nicotine  upon  Mammalian  Heart. 
In  "Contributions  to  the  Science  of  Medicine 

by  Pupils  of  Wm.  Henry  Welch." 
Pub.  by  the  Johns  Hopkins  Press,  Baltimore. 
1900,  110-133. 

181 


182     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

Bamberger_,  J. 

Hygiene  of  Cigar  Smoking. 
Miinchner  MediciniscTie  Wochenschrift,  Vol.  I, 

No.  30. 
Abstract  in  Journal  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, Sept.  3,  1904,  706. 

BosE^  A. 
Different  Technics  for  Experimental  Eesearch  on 
Effects  of  Tobacco  Smoke. 
Reforma  Medica,  Aug.  2,  1909,  Vol.  25,  No.  31. 
Bram_,  I. 
Is  Tobacco  a  Modern  Necessity? 
Dietic  and  Hygienic  Gazette,  July  1912,  Vol.  28, 
936. 
Brink,  B.  D. 
Tobacco — Its   Effect   upon   Blood   Pressure   and 

Heart  Rate. 
Physical  Training,  10  :  64-6,  Dec.  1912. 
Bruce,  J.  W. 
Effect  of  Smoking  upon  Blood  Pressure. 
American  Journal  of  Physiology,  24  :   104-16, 
April  1909. 
Chilcott,  W.  L. 
Effects  of  Tobacco. 
Journal  of  Kansas  Medical  Society,  March  1908. 
Abstract  in  Journal  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, May  2,  1908,  1459. 
Clarke,  E.  L. 

Effect  of  Smoking  on  Clark  College  Students. 
Clark  College  Record,  4 :  3191-8,  July  1909. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  183 

Clerc^  a.,  and  Pezzi,  C. 
Action  de  la  nicotine  sur  le  coeur  isole  de  quelques 
mammiferes. 
Compt.  rend.  Societe  de  Biologies  1912,  Vol.  72, 
316-318. 
Cornwall^  Edw.  E.,  M.D. 

Chronic  Tobacco  Poisoning  and  the  Circulation. 
American  Medicine^  Feb.  1914, 100,  Vol.  9,  No.  2. 
Danis. 

Traitement  de  Tamblyopie  nicotinique  par  le 
lecithine. 
Progres  Med,  Beige,  1912,  Vol.  14,  11. 
Delie. 

Tobacco  and  Audition. 
Revue  Hehdomadaire  de  Larijngologie. 
Abstract  in  Journal  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, May  13,  1905,  1551. 
Fagan,  B. 

Cigarette  Smoking  among  Boys. 
Indiana  State  Board  of  Health  Bulletin,  15  :  99, 
Aug.  1912. 
Ferran. 

De  FAction  de  Tabac  sur  1' Audition. 
Revue  Medecal  Normandie,  1911,  363-369. 
Fink,  Bruce  :  Tobacco. 
Fisher^  H.  W. 
What  Instruction  in  Health  do  Men  need? 
Physical  Training,  8 :  18,  June  1911. 
Foster^  M.  L. 

Toxic  Amblyopia  Due  to  Tobacco. 
Archives  Ophthalmology,  July  1913. 


184     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

Francis^  D. 

Tobacco  Amblyopia. 
Friedmann,  a.  C.  H. 
Tobacco  Poisoning. 
Interstate  Medical  Journal,  March.  1903. 
Abstract  in  Journal  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, April  11,  1903,  1023. 
Garxer/W.  W. 

Eelation  of  Mcotine  to  Quality  of  Tobacco. 
V,   S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Bureau  of 
Plant  Industry,  Bulletin  141,  Part  I. 

GlLFILLAN^    J.    S. 

Effect    of    Tobacco    Smoking   on    Cardiovascular 
System. 

St.  Paul  Medical  Journal  14,  July  1912. 
New  Evidence  in  the  Tobacco  Question, 

Journal  American  Medical  Association,  Nov.  16, 

1912,  1798-9. 

What  Happens  \Mien  You  Smoke. 
Harper's  Weekly,  May  26,  1906,  751. 

GOODHART^    S.    P. 

Amnesias  of  Tobacco  and  of  Malarial  Origin. 
Journal  American  Medical  Association,  Dec.  27, 

1913,  2297. 
Hart,  E.  L. 

Effect  of  Tobacco  on  Health. 
Journal  of  Hygiene  and  Herald  of  Health,  43  : 
287,  Nov.  1893. 
Hbflanbower^  R.  C. 
Eclectic  Medical  Journal,  Cincinnati,  1912,  Vol. 
72,  167-175. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  185 

Hershberg,  L.  K. 
Cigarette  Smoking. 

Harper's  Weekly,  Aug.  11,  1905,  1148. 
Truth  about  Tobacco. 

Harper's  Weekly,  57  :  12-3,  Jan.  4,  1913. 

HUBBELL^  C.  B. 

Cigaret  Habit. 
Independent,  56  :  375-8,  Feb.  18,  1904, 

JOHN^   H. 

Uber  die  Beeinfliissung  des  systolischen  und  dias- 
toliscben  Blutdrucks  durch  Tabackrauchen. 
Zeitschrift  fur  experimentisclie  Pathologie  und 
Therapeiitik,  1913,  Vol.  4,  352. 

Larrabee,  R.  C. 

Tobacco  and  the  Heart. 
Abstract  in  Journal  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion in  Soc.  Reports,  July  4,  1903,  50. 

Lidswell_,  H.  J. 
The  Tobacco  Habit. 

Martin^  E.  S. 
Use  and  Abuse  of  Tobacco. 
Harper's  Weekly,  44  :  631,  July  7,  1900. 

Marvin_,  D. 

Tobacco — Its  Use  and  Abuse. 

Vermont  Medical  Monthly,  7,  July  1912. 

Meylan_,  Geo.  L.,  M.  D. 

Antiseptic  Properties  of  Tobacco. 

Scientific  American,  May  3,  1913,  Vol.  108,  401. 
Disintoxication  of  Tobacco. 

Scientific  American,  Apr.  12,  1913,  Vol.  108,  347. 


186     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

Effects  of  Smoking  on  College  Students. 
Popular  Science  Monthly,  Aug.  1910,  Vol.  77, 

170. 
Popular  Science  Monthhj,  Apr.  12,  1913,  Vol.  77, 
347. 
MoRiGUAND^  G.  and  Bouchut_,  L. 
Angina  Pectoris  and  Tobacco. 

Arckiv.  des  Maladies  du  Goeur,  Oct.  1912. 
Effect  of  Tobacco  on  the  Heart. 
Journal  American  Medical  Association,  Mar.  15, 

1913,  828. 
Journal  American  Medical  Association,  May  10, 
1913,  1473. 
NicoLAi^  G.  F.,  and  Staehelin^  R. 

Ueber  die  Einwerkung  des  Tabackgtisses  auf  die 
Circulationsapparate. 
Zeitschrift  filr  ecoperimentische  Pathologie  und 
Therapeutik,  1908,  Vol.  8. 
Pack,  F.  J. 

Smoking  and  Football  Men. 

Popular  Science  Monthly  81  :  336-44,  Oct.  1912. 
Harmless  Smoking. 

Harper's  Weekly,  Aug.  3,  1912,  Vol.  56,  24. 
Pease,  C.  G. 

Is  Tobacco  Smoking  an  Evil? 
Dietetic  and  Hygienic  Gazette  29  :  205-7,  May 
1913. 
Richardson,  B.  W. 
How  Tobacco  Interferes  with  the  Growth 
Processes  of  the  Young. 
Good  Health,  Sept.  1913,  Vol.  48,  466. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  187 

Tobacco — Physical  Phenomena  and  Disease. 
"Diseases  of  Modern  Life,"  273-323. 

Stiles,,  0.  W.,  and  Altman,  S.  B. 

Snuff  and  Tobacco   (Use  of  by  School  Boys  and 
Girls). 
PuUic  Health  Report,  1913,  Reprint  No.  118,  6. 
Taylor,  C.  K. 

Boy  and  the  Cigarette. 
Psychological  CliniCy  4  :  54-5,  Apr.  15,  1910. 
Tracy,  Jas.  L.,  M.D. 
Psychology  of  the  Tobacco  Habit. 
American  Medical  New  Series,  4  :  359-72,  July, 
1909. 
Von  Frankl-Hochwart,  L. 

Die  Nervosen  Erkrankungen  der  Tabakraucher. 
Deutsche  Medicinische  Wochenschrift,  1911, 
Vol.  37,  2273-2321. 
White,  J.  A. 

Some  Effects  of  Tobacco. 
Birmingham  Medical  Journal. 
Abstract  in  Journal  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, Jan.  30,  1904,  325. 
Wiley,  Harvey,  W.,  M.D. 
The  Little  White  Slaver. 

Crood  Housekeeping,  Vol.  62,  No.  1,  Jan.  1916,  91. 
Against  the  use  of  tobacco,  especially  cigarettes. 

WOODHULL,  x\.   A. 

Personal  Hygiene,  163-182. 
Cigarette  Smoking. 
American   Physical   Education   Review,    Vol.    9, 
1904,  73. 


188     PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SMOKING 

Abstract  of  London  Lancet,  Jan.  2,  1904,  43. 
Injury  of  Tobacco. 

Century  83  :  766-72,  March  1912. 
State  Regulation  of  Cigaret  Traffic. 

Chautauquan  32  :  358,  Jan.  1901. 
American  Cigarettes  Analyzed. 

Current  Literature  27  :  163,  Feb.  1900. 
How  Tobacco  Interferes  with  the  Growth  Processes 

of  the  Young. 

Good  Health  48  :  466-73,  Sept.  1913. 
Incidents  and  Effects  of  Smoking. 

Earpei^s  WeeUij  48  :  314,  Feb.  27,  1904. 
Effects  of  Tobacco  on  Body  and  Mind. 

Journal  American  Medical  Association,  Oct.   1, 
1910,  1206. 
The  Pharmacology  of  Tobacco  Smoke. 

Journal  American  Medical  Association,  Jan.  30, 

1909,  386. 
Tobacco-smoking  and  the  Circulation. 

Journal  American  Medical  Association,  Feb.   7, 
1914,  Vol.  62,  No.  6,  461. 
The  Use  of  Tobacco. 
Journal  American  Medical  Association,  July  2, 

1910,  32. 
Anti-Cigarette  Crusade. 

Outlook,  67  :  607,  Mar.  16,  1901. 
Anti-Cigarette  Law  Sustained. 

Outlook,  66  :  863,  Dec.  8,  1900. 
Cigarettes — Indiana  Legislation. 

Outlook,  76  :  611,  Mar.  11,  1905. 


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